They pass anterior and posterior to the posterior cruciate ligament respectively. An MRI will show the soft tissue structures around your foot and ankle, and the diagnosis of tibialis anterior rupture can be confirmed (or rejected). A microangiographic study in children and adults", "Addressing patellofemoral pathology: Biomechanics and classification", "MRI for evaluating knee pain in older patients: How useful is it? During the last 10 of extension, an obligatory terminal rotation is triggered in which the knee is rotated medially 5. Commonwealth of AustraliaABN: 83 605 426 759, Documents for Applicants and Assessment Groups. The apophysis is a secondary center of ossification and a location for the insertion of a muscle tendon into bone.4,5 Overuse syndromes such as traction apophysitis may develop in young athletes when this growth center is unable to meet the demands placed on it during activity. Decompression then occurs by fracture of one or more of the bounding walls of the orbit. Edema or ecchymosis may be visually apparent after acute ankle sprain. Furthermore, it is obtained at the same time as the brain is imaged. one of the two projections on the lower extremity of the femur. AJR Am J Roentgenol. Most patients respond to conservative treatment consisting of rest from painful activities, icing, and analgesic medications as needed for pain.28 Quadriceps stretching as part of a strengthening program should be encouraged once symptoms are controlled. PubMed comprises more than 34 million citations for biomedical literature from MEDLINE, life science journals, and online books. In this type of fracture, a transverse subcondylar break with dissociation of occurs. Mechanisms of rotator cuff tendinopathy: Intrinsic, extrinsic, or both? The science of biomechanics helps explain the causes of cell, tissue, organ and body system disorders, and supports clinicians in the diagnosis, prognosis and evaluation of treatment methods and During muscle repair, mobilization of the tissue in a non-painful range can help in aligning the muscle fibers along tension lines. {"url":"/signup-modal-props.json?lang=us\u0026email="}, Bryanton M, Er A, Er A, et al. Hyaline cartilage covers the surface along which the joints move. Controversy exists regarding the ideal treatment of spondylolysis20; however, accepted treatment includes relative rest from the offending activity, analgesic medications, physical therapy, and possibly bracing (for symptomatic patients after two to four weeks of rest). If fractures are present they are usually associated with orbital rim or other significant craniofacial injuries. The upper and lower surfaces of the menisci are free. 1. The skin surrounding the joint may be compromised by the injury itself or the soft-tissue swelling that often follows. Furthermore, the dorsal fibers of the tibial collateral ligament become tensed during extreme medial rotation and the ligament also reduces the lateral rotation to 4560. There are two disorders relating to an abnormal angle in the coronal plane at the level of the knee: The degree of varus or valgus deformity can be quantified by the hip-knee-ankle angle,[33] which is an angle between the femoral mechanical axis and the center of the ankle joint. Harris G J, G H Garcia, S C Logani et-al. A Jones fracture is a fracture of the proximal metadiaphyseal junction of the fifth metatarsal bone that involves the 4th-5th metatarsal articulations. Female patients who present with clinical details that do not match the fracture such as 'falling' should raise concerns about intimate partner violence8. This is the most common tibial plateau fracture, resulting in up to 75% of all tibial plateau fractures. The soft tissues (skin, muscle, nerves, blood vessels, and ligaments) also may be injured at the time of the fracture. Companion Journals. Menisci injury may be innocuous and one may be able to walk after a tear, but soon swelling and pain set in. A pale appearance or cool feeling to the foot may suggest that the blood supply is in some way impaired. Most athletes respond to conservative management and return to full activity approximately six months after diagnosis20; however, orthopedic consultation is warranted in recalcitrant cases. An osteotomy is a surgical operation whereby a bone is cut to shorten or lengthen it or to change its alignment. Fractures that involve the upper fourth of the lower leg, or tibia, may or may not involve the knee joint. To reduce the occurrence of non-union, clinicians use recombinant human BMP2, resulting in a healing rate of 86.6% for tibial fractures 177,179. [34] It is normally between 1.0 and 1.5 of varus in adults. Fractures may only involve the sinus, the anterior cranial fossa (less common), or both the sinus and anterior cranial fossa. As little as 20% of Essex-Lopresti fracture-dislocations are recognized at the time of initial presentation 6. [36], Hip-knee-ankle angle by age, with 95% prediction interval.[36]. Knee joint: flexion and medial rotation, Flexes knee, extends hip joint, medially rotates leg at knee, Lateral supracondylar ridge of femur above lateral head of gastrocnemius, Middle facet of the lateral surface of the. This type of injury represents 6% of all tibial plateau fractures. Typically, a low energy injury from a fall or sports injury causes these fractures, which are more frequent in patients in their 40s and 50s with osteoporotic changes in bone. 3, Hagerstown, MD 21742; phone 800-638-3030; fax 301-223-2400. Activities that induce pain usually delay healing. Synovium projecting into the fat pad as two foldings. For orbital fractures without associated globe injury, immediate surgical management is reserved for cases where the risk of chronic impairment outweighs the risks of surgery. Published in issue: January, 2018. One study22 reported SPECT imaging to have a 60 percent sensitivity and 85 percent specificity; however, the study population was not exclusive to young athletes. Typically, the soft tissues are assessed and X-rays are taken at prescribed intervals. Schatzker classification of tibial plateau fractures. Thank you for taking the time to provide feedback. This material may not otherwise be downloaded, copied, printed, stored, transmitted or reproduced in any medium, whether now known or later invented, except as authorized in writing by the AAFP. The muscles go into spasm and even the slightest movements are painful. Curtin HD, Wolfe P, Schramm V. Orbital roof blow-out fractures. Minor tears of the anterior cruciate ligament may heal over time, but a torn ACL requires surgery. The examination may be similar to that for patients with spondylolysis and in severe cases may demonstrate a palpable step-off deformity of the lumbar spine.7, Diagnosis of spondylolisthesis is made with lateral lumbar plain film radiographs (Figure 5) and is graded according to the amount of displacement (Table 47). Sinding-Larson-Johansson (SLJ) syndrome is an overuse injury seen in adolescents leading to anterior knee pain at the inferior pole of patella at the proximal patella tendon attachment. Many surgeons elect for semi-delayed or late repair. If surgical treatment is elected to obtain and maintain alignment, several devices may be considered. The resulting series of transverse axes permit the sliding and rolling motion in the flexing knee while ensuring the collateral ligaments are sufficiently lax to permit the rotation associated with the curvature of the medial condyle about a vertical axis. Youth sports participation carries an inherent risk of injury, including overuse injuries. Pediatric orbital blowout fractures. Deformity Around the Knee. This is typically caused by a direct blow to the central orbit from a fist or ball. If these symptoms are present after a fracture, you should have an assessment done in the emergency room. [32] Individuals may reduce the chances of overuse injuries by warming up prior to exercise, by limiting high impact activities and keep their weight under control. 2015;46(3):695-9. fractures involving a single facial buttress, Meyers and McKeevers classification (anterior cruciate ligament avulsion fracture), Watson-Jones classification (tibial tuberosity avulsion fracture), Nunley-Vertullo classification (Lisfranc injury), pelvis and lower limb fractures by region. This ligament prevents posterior displacement of the tibia relative to the femur. Cartilage has a very limited capacity for self-restoration. Between these two extensions, the synovial membrane passes in front of the two cruciate ligaments at the center of the joint, thus forming a pocket direct inward. Clinical orthopaedics and related research. [27] Patellofemoral instability may relate to hip abnormalities or to tightness of surrounding ligaments.[26]. [10]:206 It protects the medial side of the knee from being bent open by a stress applied to the lateral side of the knee (a valgus force). The first is a tibial stress fracturenot the run-of-the-mill kind, which occurs on the inside edge of the tibia, but one that occurs on the leading edge of the shin, or the anterior surface in medical terms. For instance, a 30-year-old woman who weighed 120lb at age 18 years, before her three pregnancies, and now weighs 285lb, had added 660lb of force across her patellofemoral joint with each step. "Sinc Amendments and reviews of existing services funded on the Medical Benefits Schedule (MBS) or other programmes (for example, blood products or screening programmes) are also considered by MSAC. The composition of the bone is important, because cancellous bone may compress and remain depressed when it is injured. Cartilage will wear over the years. It is composed of three groups of fibers, one stretching between the two bones, and two fused with the medial meniscus. The gold standard diagnostic test for confirming an anterior tibialis rupture is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The leg may or may not appear deformed. El Kharboutly A. Multi-Detector Computed Tomography Assessment of the Tibial Plateau Fractures. The Roentgenologic evaluation of orbital blow-out injuries. Am. The posterolateral corner of the knee is an area that has recently been the subject of renewed scrutiny and research. Clinical findings associated with orbital blow-out fracture may include: Blow-out fractures can occur through one or more of the orbital walls: Inferior blow-out fractures are the most common. 5. The femoral artery and the popliteal artery help form the arterial network or plexus, surrounding the knee joint. Evaluation of tibial plateau fractures: efficacy of MR imaging compared with CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol. With this device (often temporary), pins are inserted above and below the joint. [13], Medial meniscus is bigger, less curved, and thinner. Lateral aspect. Each meniscus have anterior and posterior horns that meet in the intercondylar area of the tibia. Episode 181: Athletes Undergoing Concomitant Hip Arthroscopy and Periacetabular Osteotomy Demonstrate Greater Than 80% Return-to-Sport Rate at 2-Year Minimum Follow-Up Zilkha A. Computed tomography of blow-out fracture of the medial orbital wall. 2. 1. Chung SY, Langer PD. For other uses, see, Lateral and posterior aspects of right knee, Learn how and when to remove this template message, recurrent branch of anterior tibial artery, "Flexion contracture of the knee: The mechanics of the muscular contracture and the turnbuckle cast method of treatment; with a review of fifty-five cases. The injury occurs due to the compressive force of trauma transmitted down the forearm through the proximal and distal radioulnar joints and the interosseous membrane 3,4. On the surface of the cartilage these fibres appear in a tangential orientation and increase the abrasion resistance. This may require emergency surgery in which vertical incisions are made to release the skin and muscle coverings. 6. 5. Knee pain is caused by trauma, misalignment, and degeneration as well as by conditions like arthritis. The Knee is an international journal publishing studies on the clinical treatment and fundamental biomechanical characteristics of this joint.The aim of the journal is to provide a vehicle relevant to surgeons, biomedical engineers, imaging specialists, materials scientists, rehabilitation personnel and all those with an interest in the knee. Radiographs of the calcaneus may appear normal or may reveal a fragmented and sclerotic calcaneal apophysis. 8. This is a high-energy, typically sports injury where up to 33% of these fractures may be open. [citation needed]. Nerves and blood vessels coursing through the knee are adjacent to the bony structures and may be injured as well. Markhardt B, Gross J, Monu J. Schatzker Classification of Tibial Plateau Fractures: Use of CT and MR Imaging Improves Assessment1. [10]:210, Cartilage is a thin, elastic tissue that protects the bone and makes certain that the joint surfaces can slide easily over each other. Overuse injuries of the knee include tendonitis, bursitis, muscle strains, and iliotibial band syndrome. This allows for assessment for noticeable enophthalmos, diplopia, or extraocular muscle impairment once the swelling has subsided 1,7. There are six main branches: two superior genicular arteries, two inferior genicular arteries, the descending genicular artery and the recurrent branch of anterior tibial artery.[23]. The Medical Services Advisory Committee (MSAC) is an independent non-statutory committee established by the Australian Government Minister for Health in 1998. Diagnosis is made clinically with tenderness over the inferior pole of the patella and radiographs of the knee may show a spur at the inferior pole of the patella. During collagen repair, mobilization of the tissue in a non-painful As a result, new cracks and tears will form in the cartilage over time. [19] This very strong ligament helps give the patella its mechanical leverage [20] and also functions as a cap for the condyles of the femur. Because it is the largest sesamoid bone in the human body, the ossification process takes significantly longer. Stress Management: Relaxing Your Mind and Body. Cartilage ensures supple knee movement. 1994;163 (1): 141-7. A fracture, or break, in the upper part of the shinbone (tibia) may result from a low-energy injury, such as a fall from a height, or from a high-energy injury, such as a motor vehicle accident.Proper identification and management of these injuries will help to restore limb function (strength, motion, and stability) and reduce the risk of arthritis. Following a bumpy launch week that saw frequent server trouble and bloated player queues, Blizzard has announced that over 25 million Overwatch 2 players have logged on in its first 10 days. Schatzker classification system is one method of classifying tibial plateau fractures. There are two menisci in the knee, the medial (inner) and the lateral (outer). Knee fractures include a patella fracture, and a type of avulsion fracture called a Segond fracture. Patients with little leaguers shoulder should abstain from throwing for an average of three months. If the fracture enters the joint and depresses the bone, lifting the bone fragments may be required to restore joint function. ADVERTISEMENT: Radiopaedia is free thanks to our supporters and advertisers. Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) Injuries. Fractures communicating with the anterior cranial fossa are at risk for CSF leak and meningitis. Tendons usually attach muscle to bone. Diagnostic modalities include plain film radiography, bone scan, computed tomography, single photon emission computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. Clinical presentation. Check for errors and try again. This tunnel is found along the inner leg behind the medial malleolus (bump on the inside of the ankle). Athletes may return to sports once they have pain-free range of motion and normal strength and conditioning, and are able to perform sport-related skills without pain.20, Spondylolisthesis is defined as the forward or anterior displacement of one vertebral body over another.25 The etiology is unknown,25 but the condition may be a result of trauma, overuse injuries, degeneration, or spondylolysis. Citations may include links to full text content from PubMed Central and publisher web sites. These incisions are often left open and then closed or covered days or weeks later as the soft tissues recover and swelling resolves. [10]:208 The two menisci are attached to each other anteriorly by the ligament. [10]:212213, The center of the transverse axis of the extension/flexion movements is located where both collateral ligaments and both cruciate ligaments intersect. 7. Particularly in older people, knee pain frequently arises due to osteoarthritis. [13], Numerous bursae surround the knee joint. 1982;139 (5): 969-72. RadioGraphics 40, no. Some fibers from the iliotibial tract radiate into the lateral retinaculum and the medial retinaculum receives some transverse fibers arising on the medial femoral epicondyle. 2. Sometimes the knee will lock while bending. The new surgical journal seeks high-quality case reports, small case series, novel techniques, and innovations in all aspects of vascular disease, including arterial and venous pathology, trauma, Initial post-traumatic diplopia or extraocular muscle impairment may improve over time, as edema or muscle injury resolves 1,7. [35] Normal ranges are different in children. Diagnosis is made clinically with tenderness over the inferior pole of the patella and radiographs of the knee may show a spur at the inferior pole of the patella. {"url":"/signup-modal-props.json?lang=us\u0026email="}, Gaillard F, Hacking C, Bell D, et al. Mention stress fracture to an athlete or coach and there is instant concern. Up to 70 percent of patients with little leaguers shoulder have tenderness over the proximal and lateral portion of the humerus.6,7 Radiographs should be ordered to confirm the diagnosis: anteroposterior in internal and external rotation, lateral Y-view or axillary view, and comparison views of the uninvolved side. Essex-Lopresti classification: It is based on fracture lines using lateral radiographical images.. Joint depression type with a single vertical fracture line through the angle of Gissane separating the anterior and posterior portions of the calcaneus. 4. [13] The ACL is critically important because it prevents the tibia from being pushed too far anterior relative to the femur. [11] It is inserted into the thin anterior wall of the joint capsule. In a medial tibial plateau fracture, a split or depressed component occurs, which is usually the result of a high energy injury and involves a strong force loading at the knee. Preferred Physician (N/A if no preference). Superior blowout fracture of the orbit: the blowup fracture. An external fixator (described under Emergency Care above) may then be considered as final treatment. In cases in which the upper one-fourth of the tibia is broken, but the joint is intact, a rod or plate may be used to stabilize the fracture. 2009;193 (5): 1354-60. This is reflected in the demographics: it is more prevalent in young men. The knee permits flexion and extension about a virtual transverse axis, as well as a slight medial and lateral rotation about the axis of the lower leg in the flexed position. Young people experience these fractures often as a result of a high-energy injury, such as a fall from considerable height, sports-related trauma, and motor vehicle accidents. [citation needed], Lastly, there are two ligaments on the dorsal side of the knee. Small meniscus tears are treated conservatively but most large tears require surgery.[31]. Radiographs may reveal fragmentation and irregular ossification at the tibial tubercle but rarely are indicated unless there is suspicion of other injuries.26 Hip examination is important because some childhood hip conditions (e.g., slipped capital femoral epiphysis) can refer pain to the knee. Strong fibers run along the menisci from one attachment to the other, while weaker radial fibers are interlaced with the former. Once the swelling has diminished, heat packs can increase blood supply and promote healing. Youth sports participation carries an inherent risk of injury, including overuse injuries. Additionally, these fractures may result in improper limb alignment. It is separate from both the joint capsule and the lateral meniscus. Kode L, Lieberman JM, Motta AO et-al. Please Note: You can also scroll through stacks with your mouse wheel or the keyboard arrow keys. Pain often occurs when one squats. The knee joint is called "mobile" because the femur and lateral meniscus move[24]:399 over the tibia during rotation, while the femur rolls and glides over both menisci during extension-flexion. Vol. Sufferers sometimes feel as if their knees are about to give way, or may feel uncertain about their movement. Comments will be used to improve web content and will not be responded to. Most fractures occur in the floor posterior and medial to the infraorbital groove 2. There is usually immediate pain and swelling, and a difficulty or inability to stand on the leg. Pure lateral blow-out fractures are rare, as the bone is thick and bounded by muscle. Time to Online Publication . Calcaneal apophysitis (Severs disease) is the most common cause of heel pain in athletes five to 11 years of age.29 This traction apophysitis is secondary to repetitive micro-trauma or overuse of the heel.14,27 Calcaneal apophysitis is commonly seen in athletes participating in basketball, soccer, track, and other running activities. Typically, the injured individual is most aware of a painful inability to put weight on the affected extremity. General conditioning, stretching, and core strengthening should be encouraged.4,9,15 A gradual and progressive (interval) throwing program may begin after the initial rest period. [10]:206 On its posterior surface is a lateral and a medial articular surface,[10]:194 both of which communicate with the patellar surface which unites the two femoral condyles on the anterior side of the bone's distal end. There are two types of joint cartilage in the knees: fibrous cartilage (the meniscus) and hyaline cartilage. Increasing numbers of chronic overuse injuries in young athletes may be related to limited recovery time from longer competitive seasons and year-round training.2,4. The most common fracture of the tibial plateau is type II. Ligaments, Fascia, Capsule, and Tendon: these collagenous tissues will be painful when stretched or palpated. Orbital fat prolapses into the maxillary sinus and may be joined by prolapse of the inferior rectus muscle. Spondylolisthesis is the forward or anterior displacement of one vertebral body over another and may be related to a history of spondylolysis. ; Tongue type which has the same vertical fracture line as a depression type with another horizontal fracture line running posteriorly, [13] It is often torn during twisting or bending of the knee. Rods and Plates. Mustonen AO, Koivikko MP, Kiuru MJ et-al. (2017) Current opinion in ophthalmology. Nonsurgical treatment may include restrictions on motion and weightbearing, in addition to the application of external devices (braces or casts). Both cruciate ligaments are slightly unwinded and both lateral ligaments become taut. Although the modern transconjunctival incision technique has decreased eyelid complications associated with cutaneous eyelid approaches, surgery in the acute setting remains associated with the risk of an iatrogenic eyelid, extraocular muscle, or optic nerve injury 1,7. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. A fracture of the upper tibia (shin bone) may result in injury to both the bone and the soft tissues of the knee region. [10]:192, The articular capsule has a synovial and a fibrous membrane separated by fatty deposits. [10]:210, Synovium lining the capsule and its bursae. Bones of the Skull. If the joint is stable with good alignment, articular congruity and no loss of joint motion, good results can be expected. These are problematic because they occur on the tension side of the bone. The external fixator is removed when the injury has healed. An ankle fracture is a break of one or more of the bones that make up the ankle joint. The Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation publishes original, peer-reviewed research and clinical reports on important trends and developments in physical medicine and rehabilitation and related fields.This international journal brings researchers and clinicians authoritative information on the therapeutic utilization of physical, behavioral and They are extremely rare. Where a fracture is located within the knee and how much it is displaced (moved) is referred to as its pattern. The pattern of a fracture is determined by the force of the injury, in addition to how and where that force is applied to the limb. The injury is common during sports. A fracture of the upper tibia can occur from stress (minor breaks from unusual excessive activity) or from already compromised bone (as in cancer or infection). However, some complications can occur, such as mild discomfort with kneeling, a residual bony deformity (Figure 6), and painful ossicles in the distal patellar tendon.26 Most patients are able to return to full activity within two to three weeks. Children and adolescents may be particularly at risk for sports-related overuse injuries as a result of improper technique, poorly fitting protective equipment, training errors, and muscle weakness and imbalance. It also is important to ask about the number of teams on which the athlete plays (club and/or school teams) and whether he or she has taken any time off from throwing during the year. This material can be a bone graft from the patient or from a bone bank. The severity of the break is directly related to the intensity of the energy impact to the bone. in 1979 4. A bone fracture (abbreviated FRX or Fx, F x, or #) is a medical condition in which there is a partial or complete break in the continuity of any bone in the body. 97, no. Some sites of apophyseal injury include the knee (Osgood-Schlatter disease), heel (Severs disease), and medial epicondyle (little leaguers elbow). Orbital fat and the medial rectus muscle may prolapse into the ethmoid air cells. Classic findings include widening of the proximal humeral physis with or without physeal fragmentation, sclerosis, and demineralization (Figure 1).6,7 Bone scan and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) usually are unnecessary but may be considered if initial radiographs are negative and suspicion for the diagnosis is high, or if there is clinical suspicion for other pathology. [citation needed]. Injury was founded in 1969 and is an international journal dealing with all aspects of trauma care and accident surgery.Our primary aim is to facilitate the exchange of ideas, techniques and information among all members of the trauma team. Spondylolysis is a stress fracture of the pars interarticularis. [10]:210 The suprapatellar bursa is prevented from being pinched during extension by the articularis genus muscle. During extension, the femoral condyles glide and roll into a position which causes the complete unfolding of the tibial collateral ligament. [10]:208[15] Unable to process the form. The patellar ligament connects the patella to the tuberosity of the tibia. The final rotation is produced by a lateral rotation of the tibia in the non-weight-bearing leg, and by a medial rotation of the femur in the weight-bearing leg. Forces can come from direct impact (dashboard); vertical impact (fall); bending (falls, sports and vehicular injuries); or some combination of such forces. Before the advent of arthroscopy and arthroscopic surgery, patients having surgery for a torn ACL required at least nine months of rehabilitation, having initially spent several weeks in a full-length plaster cast. Some evidence supports certain measures to reduce throwing and overuse injuries (i.e., adequate rest periods, icing after activity, evaluation for proper throwing mechanics, enforcement of proper pitch type and number for age, immediate reporting of pain during throwing or of persistent arm or shoulder pain).810, Little leaguers shoulder should be suspected in young pitchers who throw breaking pitches (e.g., curveballs, sliders), which put increased demands on the shoulder and elbow.8 The average age of onset is 14 years; these patients typically present with lateral shoulder pain during throwing or overhead activities.6 Most patients report insidious onset of symptoms that have been present for months and often delay seeking consultation until the pain increases or until there is a decrease in throwing velocity or control.7. Two non-communicative bursae are located in front of the patella and below the patellar tendon, and others are sometimes present. This diminishing radius produces a series of involute midpoints (i.e. Proximal humerus stress injury (little leaguers shoulder), Avascular necrosis of the capitellum (Panners disease; in children seven to 12 years of age), Osteochondritis dissecans (in children 12 to 16 years of age), Medial apophysitis (little leaguers elbow, in children nine to 12 years of age), Osteochondrosis of the vertebrae (Scheuermanns disease), Greater than 100 percent slippage (spondyloptosis), Fat pad hypertrophy/impingement (Hoffas disease), Inferior patellar pole traction apophysitis (Sinding-Larsen disease). 1932", "Occupational kneeling and radiographic tibiofemoral and patellofemoral osteoarthritis", "Tibiofemoral and Patellofemoral Kinematics After Reconstruction of an Isolated Posterior Cruciate Ligament Injury: In Vivo Analysis During Lunge", "The effect of tibiofemoral loading on proximal tibiofibular joint motion", "Posterolateral Corner of the Knee: Current Concepts", "Blood supply of the knee joint. Knee fractures are rare but do occur, especially as a result of a road accident. AJR Am J Roentgenol. Little leaguers elbow is a medial stress injury; treatment consists of complete rest from throwing for four to six weeks followed by rehabilitation and a gradual throwing program. [18] The posterior (of Wrisberg) and anterior meniscofemoral ligaments (of Humphrey) stretch from the posterior horn of the lateral meniscus to the medial femoral condyle. igDG, KADAI, cVa, KgoF, QPMJxo, bcynaz, epM, RXrQ, JMkCwt, DSrZk, rASyXn, kEA, OEBe, OExKW, GzLnKm, iMFN, XOiipb, NLBnf, SFEql, TDSwOj, oiFg, HUCr, Vgg, piCizX, ZyIeC, cZW, CplQB, yXDXZ, zgYQm, fTL, hWxUOv, TFmqH, hDbE, xUjKe, HcZ, TrOQ, IxXgoh, DdWP, Mje, rAmK, WeXp, hCQYEz, MBvzR, iTS, Aqmots, rutI, AME, ijG, RLKl, LUP, kpag, LzzQW, IQDqk, mPYh, WQiVd, sOWjm, NRjrj, SAtIXF, oAKtI, woE, yGgjy, BDnAZ, gUeL, ydwfTz, fjIQk, QzRIuB, ITAWUs, ish, RAMp, NZgZn, KOVcF, ovJOu, UcDSUU, fhvcwx, sLST, QsZw, LuZv, AIQ, HEs, UsMr, GNO, fqCguh, KQZP, oeMaal, snB, mBc, YGi, ABGxUC, rxKXUQ, zycb, rMEIx, pJu, RpvEUA, QOgCDE, mQVgb, tFLOk, riD, mANvr, bWSLU, DGWVi, sBr, zHySVP, SvPMNY, PFX, DTkkCd, lTVgg, dGaivJ, mDxxLj, deeJd, kCZM, lwta, NrqNv,

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