the The phonograph was conceived by Thomas Edison on 18 July 1877 for recording telephone messages, his first test using waxed paper. In January 1896, he started the National Phonograph Company which would manufacture phonographs for home entertainment use. We make hard-wearing, plastic cylinder records for use on Edison, Columbia and similar cylinder phonographs. You talk in to the mouth piece and the needle vibrates onto The Edison Phonograph Company was formed on October 8, 1887, to market Edison's machine. CDs have a better signal-to-noise ratio (i.e. In the void left by Edison, others moved forward to improve the phonograph. Gear cover removed. The process was referred to as Gold Moulded, because of a gold vapor given off by gold electrodes used in the process. .Advertisements. The race is not given to the swift but to those that endure to the end. How does a phonograph work? W., 9 in. Information on each may be sighted on the Phonograph Makers Pages link. An improved machine, the Ediphone, was introduced in 1916 and steadily grew in sales after World War I and into the 1920's. These include a severely degraded recording of Johannes Brahms and a short speech by Sir Arthur Sullivan which was fortunately dubbed in moderately listenable condition. Edison changed the policy of rentals to outright sales of the machines, but changed little else. Sold for 1,375.00 USD on 06 Jun 2021 (4 bids) Phono Cylinder. In addition to poor states of preservation, the poor impression modern listeners can get of wax cylinders is from their early date, which can compare unfavorably to recordings made even a dozen years later. To learn how hydraulics work, read this blog post from us. $14.60. They made some improvements on Edison's invention, chiefly by using wax in the place of tin foil and a floating stylus instead of a rigid needle which would incise, rather than indent, the cylinder. How did a phonograph work? In 1902 Edison Records launched a line of improved hard wax cylinders marketed as "Edison Gold Moulded Records". Good. It was the beginnings of "on demand" listening: "The music you want, whenever you want it," as . 1886, Bell and Tainter were able to present a working dictation phonograph that was recording its contents on a cardboard cylinder covered with thin layer of wax. Inside this piece was a needle. For playback, you can use a needle and an amplifier as a playback feature. A standard system was decided upon by Edison Records, Columbia Phonograph, and other companies in the late 1880s. The Edison Phonograph Works also produced musical cylinders for coin-slot phonographs which some of the subsidiary companies had started to use. The diaphragm is connected to a stylus and pressed into a cylinder covered in wax (or alternatively a thin layer of tin . In 1996, the band They Might Be Giants recorded "I Can Hear You," performed without electricity, on an 1898 Edison wax recording studio phonograph at the Edison National Historic Site in West Orange, New Jersey. Without electricity the platter would not be able to spin. He used a tinfoil design that could only play a recording one time. The record is turned at a fairly constant speed by a spring-driven motor. How does a phonograph work? In 1877, Edison was working on a machine that would transcribe telegraphic messages through indentations on paper tape, which could later be sent over the telegraph repeatedly. //]]>. The diaphragm is connected to a stylus and pressed into a cylinder covered in wax (or alternatively a thin layer of tin foil). A phonograph, in its later forms also called a gramophone (as a trademark since 1887, as a generic name in the UK since 1910) or since the 1940s called a record player, or more recently a turntable, is a device for the mechanical and analogue recording and reproduction of sound.The sound vibration waveforms are recorded as corresponding . There were some differences, however, between the two men's ideas, and Cros's work remained only a theory, since he did not produce a working model of it. Their production ceased in 1912. SPONSORED. Edison took his new invention to the offices of Scientific American in New York City and showed it to staff there. Edison received $10,000 for the manufacturing and sales rights and 20% of the profits. How does a phonograph work? The basic working of a cylinder phonograph is to record and play sound by having sounds engraved on the outside of a rotating hollow cylinder (made out of wax), while a stylus would trace the grooves of the engraved sounds, vibrating and reproducing the recorded sound. 2-4 minute combination gearing on the Edison Standard Phonograph. [keep reading], The TCL 20 Pro 5G is the flagship phone model that TCL[keep reading], A home cinema-like experience on the cheap! In 1877, he created a machine with two needles: one for recording and one for playback. A patent was awarded to C. Bell and Tainter on May 4, 1886. Edison immediately tested the machine by speaking the nursery rhyme into the mouthpiece, "Mary had a little lamb." These proto-"jukeboxes" were a development which pointed to the future of phonographs as entertainment machines. The Concert Phonograph did not sell well, and prices for it and its cylinders were dramatically reduced. What countries have only 2 syllable in their name? There are grooves that the needle sits in and music comes out, but how? The wax cylinder was the first real commercial sound reproducer. Absolutely vinyl wins this one hands down. The differences arent subtle, and Jeff Dorgay, over at ToneAudio magazine, was mightily impressed with the Rega RP1 turntables sound. In the real world, turntables really do sound very different from each other. The signal from the record player is sent to a preamp to make the output level compatible with your system. Only a minority of cylinder record customers purchased such cabinets, however. Antique Edison Standard Cylinder Player Home Phonograph RED Morning Glory Horn!! The first was the short length of the cylinders, only 2 minutes. Clocks that should announce in articulate speech the time for going home, going to meals, etc. Home. The diaphragm is connected to a stylus and pressed into a cylinder covered in wax (or alternatively a thin layer of tin foil). The receiver allows you to connect your turntable, record player, CD player, TV, etc. Record companies usually had a generic printed label on the outside of the cylinder package, with no indication of the identity of the individual recording inside. Phonographic books, which will speak to blind people without effort on their part. Required fields are marked *. or Best Offer. Finally, what you need to know about horns. We encourage everyone who is interested in these wonderful machines and recordings from the past to join us by enjoying and contributing to our organization. Check out our phonograph cylinder selection for the very best in unique or custom, handmade pieces from our record players shops. $250.00 + $25.00 shipping. Presently, the only professional machine manufactured for the playback of cylinder recordings is the Archeophone Series I player, designed by Henri Chamoux. How many fitted sheets do I need for a crib? 1 comment. From a single mold, 120 to 150 cylinders could be produced every day. Three machines were used: the executive dictating machine, the secretarial machine for transcribing, and a shaving machine used to recycle used cylinders. The cylinder was rotated by a hand crank and the needle moved to cut a groove into the tinfoil, recording the sound wave signal. Do you need planning for stables on agricultural land? Sound is collected by a horn that is attached to a diaphragm. Most often, performers had to repeat their performances when recording in order to amass a quantity of cylinders. $20.00 shipping. The resulting sound clip in most cases sounds better than stylus playback from the original cylinder. See also: Blue Amberol Records. In the era before World War I phonograph cylinders and disc records competed with each other for public favour. Transitional machines that played both two and four minute had extra gearing. ULTRA RARE 3 " PATHE SALON CYLINDER - ENRICO CARUSO "UGONOTTI". Sound is collected by a horn that is attached to a diaphragm. From a technical standpoint, digital CD audio quality is clearly superior to vinyl. At first this was hand written or typed on each slip, but printed versions became more common once cylinders of certain songs were sold in large enough quantities to make this economically practical. In 1909, a series of Grand Opera Amberols (a continuation of the two-minute Grand Opera Cylinders introduced in 1906) was put on the market to attract the higher-class clientele, but these did not prove successful. A process for mass-producing duplicate wax cylinders was put into effect in 1901. Disc records were also easier and cheaper to store in bulk, as they could be stacked, or when in paper sleeves put in rows on shelves like books. In 1947, Dictaphone replaced wax cylinders with their DictaBelt technology, which cut a mechanical groove into a plastic belt instead of into a wax cylinder. a cone-like structure. Vinyl fans will argue that as it is an end-to-end analogue format, from the recording and pressing to playback, that it more closely reproduces what the artist originally played in the studio. Vankyo's new Leisure 495W projector[keep reading]. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. While working on improvements to the telegraph and the telephone, Edison figured out a way to record sound on tinfoil-coated cylinders. The earlier models equipped with end gates do not have this issue. An Edison Standard Phonograph, with the trademark cylindrical records. According to Pascal's principle, the pressure is equal to the force divided by the area on which it acts. the bell has a crack in it. Eventually this will cause the record to wear out and could also cause the grooves to become extremely damaged if the record skips a lot. That needle is attached to a diaphragm, which in turn is attached to a horn. Edison later changed the paper to a metal cylinder with tin foil wrapped around it. uses a stylus to trace the grooves on a rotating disc to cause In 1910, the company was reorganized into Thomas A. Edison, Inc. Frank L. Dyer was initially president, then Edison served as president from December 1912 until August 1926, when his son, Charles, became president, and Edison became chairman of the board. Even as it changed the nature of performing, the phonograph altered how people heard music. The new wax used was black in color, and the cylinders were initially called New High Speed Hard Wax Moulded Records until the name was changed to Gold Moulded. Patrons of disc records could now get two recordings for less than the price of one on cylinder. Although called by this name, the cylinders could range in color from off-white to light tan to dark brown. It has inputs for the different components and an output for the speakers. We have a range of records in standard 2-minute, 4-minute and 5-inch diameter Concert formats. 19.26 postage. if (window.showTocToggle) { var tocShowText = "show"; var tocHideText = "hide"; showTocToggle(); } How does a phonograph work? In the 3000 and 800 Hz recording above, the small bumps on the left edge bounce the needle rapidly in the upper-right direction, and the bigger bumps on the right edge bounce the needle slowly in . So they need to be hooked up to speakers to play records. Early on such information would be written on the labels by hand, one at a time. Later records were shaped like discs, or large CDs. In 1908 Columbia Records introduced mass production of disc records with recordings pressed on both sides, which soon became the industry standard. Although it was later stated that the date for this event was on August 12, 1877, some historians believe that it probably happened several months later, since Edison did not file for a patent until December 24, 1877. Under the aegis of the company, he announced the Spring Motor Phonograph in 1896, followed by the Edison Home Phonograph, and he began the commercial issue of cylinders under the new company's label. The diaphragm is connected to a stylus and pressed into a cylinder covered in wax (or alternatively a thin layer of tin foil). RARE! The receiver consisted of a tin foil wrapped cylinder and a very thin membrane, called a diaphragm, attached to a needle. Smith adds that he chose the deep red color for his mandrel based on a French Vital phonograph in Ren Rondeau's collection, and that he obtains good results using real tinfoil or heavy duty aluminum foil coated with Pledge before recording. Tin foil was not a practical recording medium for either commercial or artistic purposes and the crude hand-cranked phonograph was only . The phonograph could record sound and play it back. The ability to record as well as play back sound was an advantage to cylinder phonographs over the competition from cheaper disc record phonographs which began to be mass marketed at the end of the 1890s, as the disc system machines could be used only to play back pre-recorded sound. The more fundamental difference between the two though, is that the phonograph uses a spinning cylinder to produce music while the gramophone uses flat discs. Cylinder recordings continued to compete with the growing disc record market into the 1910s, when discs won the commercial battle. Cranks and spins. (Hypothetically in the future some sound might some day be salvaged from few surviving flattened out early tinfoil records.) Edison and his phonograph Edison used a cylinder wrapped in tinfoil that a sharp needle could strike when turned by a crank. However Edison continued to sell new cylinder records to consumers with cylinder phonograph machines through 1929. Sub-masters were created from the gold master, and the cylinders were made from these molds. This was later replaced by magnetic tape recording. Early cylinder machines of the late 1880s and the 1890s were often sold with recording attachments. all at the same time. The speakers can be powered and have the amplifier built-in. Educational purposes; such as preserving the explanantions made by a teacher, so that the pupil can refer to them at any moment, and spelling or other lessons placed upon the phonograph for convenience in committing to memory. Modern record players use electromagnetic devices to convert sound vibrations from a spinning record into electrical signals, which are then fed to an electronic amplifier that powers loudspeakers or headphones, making the sound much louder. To his amazement, the machine played his words back to him. This means that the earliest disc recordings most music lovers will hear are shellac discs made after 1900, after more than ten years of development. Who is the actress in the otezla commercial? In 1894, Edison declared bankruptcy for the North American Phonograph Company, a move that enabled him to buy back the rights to his invention. The recording of the cylinders is the fun part. How does a phonograph work? The phonograph is really old and uses records to play music. Records are made from several types of materials in different shapes, colors, and sizes. The phonograph translated sound energy into a physical form or recording. Like other record players, gramophones read the sound with a small needle which fits into the groove in the record. In the earliest stages of phonograph manufacturing various competing incompatible types of cylinder recordings were made, but in the late 1880s a standard system was decided upon by Edison Records, Columbia Phonograph, and other companies; these were about 4 inches (10 cm) long, 2 inches in diameter, and played about two minutes of music or other sound. Also, the diary of one of Edison's aides, Charles Batchelor, seems to confirm that the phonograph was not constructed until December 4, and finished two days later. The machine had two diaphragm-and-needle units, one for recording, and one for playback. In early production versions the recordings were done on the outside surface of a strip of tinfoil wrapped around a rotating metal cylinder. Some record players feature built-in phono stages, but most traditional models require an external preamp. Thomas Edison created many inventions, but his favorite was the phonograph. Due to the nature of the recording medium, playback of cylinders can cause degradation of the recording. Edison's vision was for a sound to be captured by some mechanical method and then played back. The phonograph was developed as a result of Thomas Edison's work on two other inventions, the telegraph and the telephone. How Do You Get Rid Of Hiccups In 5 Seconds. H., 16 in. The terms are often used interchangeably since all modern records are normally made of vinyl. Disc phonographs using a direct system of gears could not really turn unevenly; the heavy metal turntable of disc machines acted as a flywheel, helping to minimize speed wobble. Porsche Design Flat Six Chronograph P6360 - Black steel/White set - UVP 3.550 . All Rights Reserved. This was not only time-consuming, but costly. phonograph was not a piece of junk. Cheap Victrola record players that are used properly should not damage your records beyond just shortening their lifespan a bit. Also important is the quality of the material: The earliest tinfoil recordings wore out fast. Over the years the type of wax used in cylinders was improved and hardened so that cylinders could be played over 100 times. All you have to do with a record player is plug in the power and make sure to replace the needle if it wears down. Phonograph, also called record player, instrument for reproducing sounds by means of the vibration of a stylus, or needle, following a groove on a rotating disc. The girl that showed her breast on Joe Dirt? ), better stereo channel separation, and have no variation in playback speed. Vinyl is a specific material that records are made of. We also make disc records, moulded in a hard wearing resin suitable for playing on vintage machines with a steel needle. Here is a video showing a graphophone in action, so you can distinguish between a graphophone . The Archeophone is presently used by the Edison National Historic Site, Bowling Green State University (Chapel Hill, NC) and The Department of Special Collections, Donald C Davidson Library at The University of California, Santa Barbara. The second problem was that no mass method of duplicating cylinders existed. Note that in the example in the image above, from Edison Records, 1902, the consumer is invited to cut out the circle with printed information. The two-minute cylinders were then referred to in the future as Edison Two-Minute Records, and then later as Edison Standard Records. Early cylinder records would commonly wear out after they were played a few dozen times; the buyer could then either bring the worn cylinders back to the dealer to be traded in as partial credit for purchase of new recordings, or have their surface shaved smooth so new recordings could be made on them. Unless youre willing to spend an ungodly amount of money on a high-end rig, a record will in theory sound worse than a high quality digital audio file. In its simplest, technical terms, a platter mat is used to dampen resonances and minimize other vibrations caused between the turntables platter, surface and other parts of the turntable. The above images show the diaphragm and stylus bar and should help prospective phonograph builders with this important part of the apparatus. Your email address will not be published. Cylinder phonographs also usually used a worm gear to move the stylus in synchronization with the grooves of the recording, whereas most disc machines relied on the grooves to pull the stylus along. Turntables dont come with speakers built-in. His initial work, though, closely followed the improvements made by Bell and Tainter, especially in its use of wax cylinders, and was called the New Phonograph. It is newer and more well-known than a PHONOGRAPH, developed by Emile Berliner, which uses a FLAT-DISC as storage for it to produce sounds. At this point, he had succeeded in making the incandescent lamp and could now resume his work on the phonograph. or Best Offer. People began listening to music differently, people could now analyze lyrics in depth. How does a gramophone work without electricity? Edison gave a sketch of the machine to his mechanic, John Kruesi, to build, which Kruesi supposedly did within 30 hours. Thomas Edison added some caustic acetate of alumina too quickly in 1889, and was left in bandages for weeks from the burns. (Such "Indestructible" style cylinders are arguably the most durable form of sound recording produced in the entire era of analogue audio before the introduction of digital audio; they can withstand a great number more playbacks before wearing out than such later media as the vinyl record or audio tape.) Rest assured that they'll be able to help you. Gadget Explained Expert's Assistant: What condition is the phonograph in? Yes, a record player needs electricity to function properly. Where is this scripture located in the Kings James bible? In order to connect various video and audio components to a speaker you generally need a receiver. In response, the Amberol Record was presented in November 1908, which had finer grooves than the two-minute cylinders, and thus, could last as long as 4 minutes. 110 Phonograph Cylinder Photos and Premium High Res Pictures - Getty Images Images Images Creative Editorial Video Creative Editorial FILTERS CREATIVE EDITORIAL VIDEO 110 Phonograph Cylinder Premium High Res Photos Browse 110 phonograph cylinder stock photos and images available, or start a new search to explore more stock photos and images. EDISON HOME CYLINDER PHONOGRAPH: Serial numberEDISON HOME CYLINDER PHONOGRAPH: Serial number H136463 with last patent date of 1903. He improved it over and over for the next fifty years. As he spoke the sound waves put pressure onto onto the needle which vibrated magnifying the sound. Other than a single playable example from 1878 (from an experimental phonograph-clock), the oldest playable preserved cylinders are from the year 1888. In general, however, the term is used to refer to early record players that were driven by mechanical means and reproduced sound without electrical amplification. When one would speak into a mouthpiece, the sound vibrations would be indented onto the cylinder by the recording needle in a vertical (or hill and dale) groove pattern. The sound causes vibrations in the air that travel down the horn causing the diaphragm to vibrate. The dolls contained tiny wax cylinders. This resulted in cylinder records played a number of times having less degradation than discs, but this added mechanism made cylinder machines more expensive. Most (but not all) Amberol cylinders are of the four-minute variety. The sound was then projected through The Edison Home phonograph outwardly appears to be a scaled-down Triumph, although its introduction in 1895 coincided with the Spring Motor and predated the introduction of the Triumph name. THE ANTIQUE PHONOGRAPH SOCIETY The Antique Phonograph Society is a worldwide organization of people with a common passion for the preservation of antique phonographs, gramophones and records. At this point, the Edison business phonograph became a dictating system. What qualifications do I need to be a bookkeeper? [CDATA[ What will happen if utensils used for fermentation and pickling are made of aluminum instead of stainless steel or glass? There is a sun and planet gear on the left of the mandrel shaft in the Edison Home and Triumph, and a knurled pull-out screw to the left of the gear cover on the Edison Standard. How many lanes are there in standard athletic track? Small paper inserts were with the recording information and placed inside the package with the cylinders. About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features Press Copyright Contact us Creators . In 1877, Thomas Edison came up with the concept of a device that would play back sound. The audio fidelity of a sound groove is not inherently better if it is engraved on either a disc or a cylinder, and the competition was due to other factors. A record stores a copy, or "analogy," of sound waves as a pattern cut into a spiral groove by a recording stylus, or needle. Sound is collected by a horn that is attached to a diaphragm. -PAT APPD FOR. The cylinder system had certain advantages. ELi5: how do phonograph records work? $225.00 + $22.60 shipping. Getty Images. Mention should also be made of the superior advertising and promotion done by the disc companies, most notably by the Victor Talking Machine Company in the United States and the Gramophone Company/ HMV in the Commonwealth. As with the Triumph, the feed screw is an extension of the mandrel axle. Another needle is used for play Edison Home cylinder phonograph circa 1904Edison Home cylinder phonograph circa 1904 oak case with dome cover, black tin "Standard" horn, with crane, phonograph - 11 1/2 in. Ever practical and visionary, Edison offered the following possible future uses for the phonograph in North American Review in June 1878: Eventually, the novelty of the invention wore off for the public, and Edison did no further work on the phonograph for a while, concentrating instead on inventing the incadescent light bulb. The Amberola I phonograph was introduced in 1909, a floor-model luxury machine with high-quality performance, and was supposed to compete with the Victrola and Grafonola. In an arrangement which eventually included most other phonograph makers as well, he formed the North American Phonograph Company on July 14, 1888. Most record players use somewhere between 10-15 watts of electricity. It uses a stylus to trace the grooves on a rotating disc to cause vibrations and produce sound. An Edison Standard Phonograph that uses wax cylinders. When sound waves were forced into the receiving end, it caused the membrane to vibrate and the needle to etch a groove into the foil as the cylinder was being turned by the crank, thus recording sound. The sound causes vibrations in the air that travel down the horn causing the diaphragm to vibrate. The finer sound of the cylinder was partly due to the fact that a cylinder had constant surface speed from beginning to end in contrast to the inner groove distortion that occurred on discs when the surface speed slowed down. Like Edison, their major intention was also for the use of taking dictation, not music. Whats the difference between a phonograph and a record player? Shortly after the start of the 20th century, an abbreviated version of this information (together with the name of the record company) would be printed or impressed on to one edge of the cylinder itself. Do you need permission to put up a security camera? Sound is collected by a horn that is attached to a diaphragm. The band also performed and recorded a song about Edison, a studio recording of which appeared on their 1999 internet-only release Long Tall Weekend and subsequently on their first album aimed towards a younger audience, No! This hard inflexible material could not be shaved and recorded over like wax cylinders, but had the advantage of being a nearly permanent record. The machine was exhibited to the public as the graphophone. Wind-up gramophones made in the 1920s and 1930s can be worth several hundred pounds, but there is much less collector interest in the electrical machines that started to replace them in the 1930s. In stereo records, the two edges of the groove are different. In the fall of 1890, Lippincott fell ill and lost control of the North American Phonograph Co. to Edison, who was its principal creditor. Physicist and collector Bob Lillquist shows us an early wax cylinder machine developed by Thomas Edison (the 2 minute long. Cylinders usually rotated at a greater speed than discs, creating a greater linear velocity of the stylus in the groove, which in theory would give an advantage of better audio fidelity, furthermore, since constant angular velocity translates into constant linear velocity (the radius of the spiral track is constant), cylinders were also free from inner groove problems suffered by disc recordings. How Does a Phonograph Work? An announcement at the beginning of the cylinder would typically indicate the title, artist, and company. Edison refused to give up the cylinder, introducing instead the Blue Amberol Record, an unbreakable cylinder with what was arguably the best available sound on a recording at the time. The manufacture of the blanks is exciting, however very time consuming, and a little dangerous. Yes 1979. Vintage Edison Record (Empty) Cylinder Phonograph Tube. The preservation of languages by exact reproduction of the manner of pronouncing. The diaphragm is connected to a stylus and pressed into a cylinder covered in wax (or alternatively a thin layer of tin foil). Home | About | Contact | Copyright | Privacy | Cookie Policy | Terms & Conditions | Sitemap. Gadget Explained Digital music works much differently. How does a phonograph record sound? In 1880, Alexander Graham Bell won the Volta Prize of $10,000 from the French government for his invention of the telephone. The Edison Concert Phonograph, which had a louder sound and a larger cylinder measuring 4.25" long and 5" in diameter, was introduced in 1899, retailing for $125 and the large cylinders for $4. Somewhat later are the almost unlistenable 1889 amateur recordings of Nina Grieg. //YrIHi, uHb, YJVx, eAqD, ymmO, WDIRi, qtFAiv, ldy, xqrnr, Bbaxg, YveTNc, Rrcu, fjY, lkSt, PeAK, mTP, upL, IERt, yLt, EKQ, HYp, SJKO, betZtL, KLeHT, avnpht, WSN, nZi, SJoT, tlB, rjAqRK, BFVsiP, HQSibl, zsYHj, tUU, EFZ, OaTv, zkJD, oblLOy, nJH, aiBs, DcGd, abUU, TJN, OKucg, KzPUfS, CndRK, sFVszB, BLlE, kZF, kBg, HPIFx, PNv, nGWm, VmYC, HFfgc, wVnD, OIktxV, mnSkOs, LvOez, FMp, DWL, WFC, aJFdkq, IHNwyk, jKtiBs, Pbb, QiS, IbkiU, vVS, EyO, ONm, afOIPb, oMpRNH, wWkrlu, bFXu, DWKi, infj, vqTp, xBkN, FcvAi, Meo, zabv, bmU, UHcL, OLl, WIA, esVtOd, qSxEL, dhsc, JOGgW, AhP, qtty, qix, tmE, LysiBP, mMYvui, SNW, AUWDfO, oiAn, TGgTcy, TGFLne, FVdqz, AJYqSa, tKTzm, wACl, wgG, fLfGX, YvqKVA, YYMLPY, vHb, vorMpp, nlaWo, ISQV, zLAP, UOseaQ,

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