Systolic and diastolic BPs were inversely associated with cocoa intake after adjustment for a wide range of possible confounders. Significant reductions in systolic and diastolic BPs were also observed after consumption of sugar-free, but not sugared, cocoa compared with placebo (systolic: 2.17.0mm Hg compared with 3.25.6mm Hg; p<0.001; diastolic: 1.28.7mm Hg compared with 2.85.6; p=0.014). Effects of cocoa extract on glucometabolism, oxidative stress, and antioxidant enzymes in obese-diabetic (Ob-db) rats. Happy to hear you enjoyed it! This is used to grind the cocoa bean nibs to a paste called chocolate liquor before undergoing a process called conching. Theres no alcohol involved, its called this due to its liquid form. Endothelial NOS gene expression is regulated primarily by shear stress elicited by the circulating blood or endothelial cell proliferation, but its enzyme activity increases in response to receptor-operated substances such as acetylcholine, bradykinin, and serotonin (12). Dont add more than 10% of the total chocolate weight, though (i.e., 10g per 100g bar chocolate). as well as tons of sugar. Howell SL. If you peel the husk first then you can break the bean into the nibs and have more surface area while roasting. Because of their high flavonoid content, the cocoa solids present in chocolate are typically hypothesized to affect measures of cardiovascular health, whereas other components of chocolate products (e.g., cocoa butter) are thought to have little or no effect. Fisher ND. Impact of alkalization on the antioxidant and flavanol content of commercial cocoa powders. found no difference in serum lipids between subjects consuming 46g of high-flavonoid dark chocolate and those consuming low-flavonoid chocolate daily for 2 weeks (65). The husk should also come off the beans easily. Chocolate intake and incidence of heart failure: a population-based, prospective study of middle-aged and elderly women. Keogh JB. The authors thank Lisa Rosenberger, ND, LAc, Aruna Kotla, MD, and Valentine Yanchou Njike, MD, MPH, for technical assistance. The olfactory properties of cocoa may increase satiety and thus reduce appetite. Jung SK. Chocolate consumption may exacerbate symptoms of GERD or trigger migraine headaches in sensitive persons, though human trials establishing a causal relationship are scant and inconclusive. Hrmm. Ramiro-Puig et al. Schmitz HH. is that the chocolate bar's displacement of a high-carbohydrate snack, rather than some active compound in the chocolate bar itself, led to the change in lipid levels. However, the best results are with the small grinder. The way you roast the beans will have a big impact on flavor and you can choose to do a light, medium, or dark roast. Noakes M. Clifton PM. Roast the beans in the oven at 120C/250F fan-assisted for between 15-20 minutes for a fairly light roast. Before roasting the beans, you'll first need to remove any beans that are broken and/or smell moldy, etc. Institute of Medicine. Hermann and colleagues also studied the effects of dark chocolate on endothelial function in smokers (97). Cocoa liquor is what is referred to as percent cacao on food packaging. This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged. 3150 BC,[6] pre-Hispanic Mexico ca. Human trials have demonstrated vasoprotective effects mediated by NO (92, 225, 256). A 2008 meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials of flavonoid-containing foods concluded that cocoa was the only food to show significant effects acutely and chronically on flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) of the brachial artery, a noninvasive method to measure endothelial function (107). How to make chocolate from cocoa beans the full 7-step process done at home for delicious bean to bar chocolate every time! What is known, however, is that apparent health benefits of chocolate consumption relate to diverse constituents of chocolate and pertain to a wide array of health outcomes. Kim et al. Deprez S. Mila I. Huneau JF. Muniyappa R. Hall G. Kolodziej TL. Lamuela-Raventos RM. Cooke JP. Schewe T. Grune T. Sies H. Protein modification elicited by oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in endothelial cells: protection by (-)-epicatechin. Holt RR. The production of alcohol is made use of when fruit juices are converted to wine, when grains are made into beer, and when foods rich in starch, such as potatoes, are Impaired endothelial function following a meal rich in used cooking fat. Key findings from these studies include the following: (i) FMD was significantly increased at 14h after ingestion paralleled by increases in plasma flavanols and metabolites; (ii) peripheral arterial tonometry (PAT, a measure of microvascular circulation) responses increased after high-flavonol cocoa consumption; (iii) FMD response was significantly attenuated by NO synthase inhibition; (iv) FMD and PAT increased significantly 2h after ingestion of either 1 or 2mg of pure epicatechin per kg of body weight, whereas no changes were associated with water alonethese changes were similar to those observed after high-flavanol cocoa ingestion; (v) urinary flavanol metabolites were more than six times higher in Kuna Islanders than in the mainland Kuna sample. Wonderful and so much helpful information. How to make chocolate From bean to bar! I suppose in a way these two questions are linked, so I thought Id answer them both in a single section. Nitric oxide: physiology, pathophysiology, and pharmacology. Some research shows that the shells are a rich source of dietary fiber and protein and contain several valuable bioactive compounds, including caffeine, flavonoids, and theobromine. WebNavitas Organics Raw Cacao Nibs, 8 oz. Numerous studies have investigated the effects of cocoa consumption on the lipid profile, with conflicting results. Plasma antioxidants from chocolate. The boxes contained the following treatments, in random order: (i) a 44g milk chocolate bar; (ii) six opaque capsules containing 3.8g cocoa powder; (iii) six opaque capsules containing 4.5g white flour; (iv) 42.7g white chocolate; (v) 39.9g white chocolate plus six cocoa-containing capsules; and (vi) nothing. What happens after menopause? Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Recommended Intakes for Individuals, Vitamins. Grassi D. Desideri G. Ferri C. Blood pressure and cardiovascular risk: what about cocoa and chocolate? Recently, I started drinking this coffee substitute that is DIVINE! Next, break the beans down into individual nibs. In one study investigating trigger factors of migraines, the proportion of patients who reported having heard that chocolate could be a migraine trigger (61.7%) was significantly and substantially greater than the proportion who identified chocolate as a trigger based on their own experience (14.3%, p<0.001) (279). In another trial, cocoa consumption inhibited platelets in vivo, whereas dealcoholized red wine consumption did not (204). Because milk chocolate contains a relatively small proportion of cocoa solids, this finding might suggest that a component in chocolate other than flavonoids (possibly stearic acid) was responsible. Kennedy DO. Hollenberg NK. The cocoa capsules had only a minimal decrease (16 points), which was similar to the reductions observed after consumption of flour capsules and no treatment. (239) assigned 10 healthy subjects to consume 45g of dark chocolate or white chocolate for 14 days. Two studies by Macht have also supported the view that chocolate's psychoactive properties are solely taste-related (146, 147). Another 2010 study partially supports the findings of Buijsse et al. Once the beans are exposed to oxygen, the fermentation process can begin done in a very similar way to making tempeh. Umesawa M. Iso H. Date C. Yamamoto A. Toyoshima H. Watanabe Y. Kikuchi S. Koizumi A. Kondo T. Inaba Y. Tanabe N. Tamakoshi A. Heaton-Brown L. The experience of food craving: a prospective investigation in healthy women. The Farouque et al. Rothwell NJ. Hoping to get a melangeur to create a smoother chocolate in the future. In my attempt to avoid waste as much as possible, I took to Google to find out if anything can be done with the usually discarded cocoa bean shells. Schroeter H. Bahia P. Spencer JP. Alternatively, keep them stored in the freezer for a few months (if they last that long!). Dose-related effects of flavanol-rich cocoa on blood pressure. OMG, the smell of good freshly brewed coffee can make me curl my toes up with happiness. Consumption of cocoa and dark chocolate increased HDL by 4% in one study (267). Gupta S. Gode KD. Once you have the base white chocolate recipe sorted then youre finally able to start experimenting. In two studies, milk chocolate (135) and white chocolate (181) inhibited LDL oxidation. Castell DO. Wan Y. Vinson JA. Fulgoni V., 3rd Effect of cocoa bran on low-density lipoprotein oxidation and fecal bulking. Except that it has a higher fat content as the beans havent been processed to separate the cacao butter from the solids. Coyle CH. Almoosawi et al. Just as handsome designs printed on fancy papers and applied to cigar boxes are used to entice cigar lovers, we use Strata, Sabro, and Idaho 7 hops to draw in lovers of fruit-forward Hazy IPAs. Apgar J. Sweigart DS. Their argument also ignores the fact that the bioactive components of cocoa (i.e., flavanols) are found in the nonfat portion of the cocoa bean and can be readily isolated in a low-energy-dense form, that is, cocoa powder. Karim M. Schrader HR. There are just a few rules when it comes to flavoring white chocolate, otherwise, you have tons of options! Sorond FA. This is as yet unknown. Payne MJ. Would love to know how to use the cacao grounds for baking flour such as where to get recipes? In comparison, the cocoa beverage/solid chocolate combination used in the Farouque et al. Note that excess sugar and carbonation can trigger IBS symptoms. The title makes this process sound complicated; however, what cracking and winnowing of chocolate actually means is just removing the cocoa bean from the shell to reveal the cacao nibs inside. Apoptosis may be triggered intrinsically, through the mitochondrial pathway (118) or extrinsically by death ligands and receptors (99). If you've done this before roasting then skip this step! Predictive value of brachial flow-mediated dilation for incident cardiovascular events in a population-based study: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Unabated inflammation will further increase the concentration of macrophages and lymphocytes that promote the formation of fibrous tissue in the lesion through the release of hydrolytic enzymes, cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors. Additional research is needed in CAD patients to determine whether there is a clinical benefit of cocoa flavanol consumption and to identify the most beneficial way to deliver them. You can do this by hand or place all the beans into a bag and bash with a rolling pin. Hypertension, the Kuna, and the epidemiology of flavanols. Kaplan-Meier curves for cumulative event-free survival associated with endothelial function measured as flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) (lowest tertile<2%, highest tertile>6.3%). Keen CL. reviewed the psychoactive properties and mood effects of cocoa in 2006, with some noteworthy conclusions (195). However, Berry and colleagues demonstrated that consumption of a high-flavanol (701mg) cocoa beverage could significantly improve BP response to exercise compared to a low-flavanol (22mg) beverage (21). Rimbach et al. Dark chocolate, but not white chocolate, significantly improved CFVR, independent of changes in other variables. Once activated, platelets can recruit leukocytes and endothelial progenitor cells, and interact with these cells to induce inflammatory responses and promote thrombus formation (88, 158). Shiina Y. Funabashi N. Lee K. Murayama T. Nakamura K. Wakatsuki Y. Daimon M. Komuro I. Cocoa flavanols can affect oxidant enzymes such as lipoxygenases, involved in arachidonic acid metabolism and the biosynthesis of leukotrienes. In summation, the antioxidant properties of catechin and epicatechin derivatives can protect from neuronal injury and neuroinflammation implicated in the pathogenesis a number of neurological conditions. The highest quartile reported a mean chocolate intake of 7.5g/day. Copyright 2022 Cigar City Brewing - All rights reserved. They both came out pretty granular since I didnt blend, but I believe that was a quality of coconut milk powder itself, which recommends blending it into beverages. Another study found that a dark chocolate bar containing 500mg polyphenols lowered BP as effectively as a bar containing 1000mg (6). Web100 grams of raw cacao powder contains an ORAC (oxygen radical absorbance capacity) of 95,500which is its antioxidant value. How chocolate is made. reported significantly lower systolic (p=0.0008) and diastolic (p<0.0001) BPs among individuals consuming higher amounts of chocolate (30). The weight of evidence reviewed here would seem to support a qualified yes. The qualification relates both to what is known, and what is not. Hermann F. Sudano I. Spieker L. Hermann M. Cooper KA. Good chocolate is good for health. Some studies have indicated that oligomers larger than trimers may not be able to be absorbed in the small intestine (16, 54, 62). Look for notes of orange peel, clementine, and light caramel to share the story and sunshine of Florida with beer lovers across the globe. The relative importance of vascular structure and function in predicting cardiovascular events. Busse R. Fleming I. Endothelial dysfunction in atherosclerosis. Because this homemade white chocolate is untempered, I keep mine stored in the fridge. From a small two-man operation in an un-airconditioned warehouse on Spruce Street, Cigar City Brewing has grown to include over 60 full-time employees in its Tampa family and is now distributed in over 30 states in the US and nearly a dozen international markets. It is very similar, more like hot chocolate water. They permit, however, comparison of structurally related compounds. Wolf R. The role of diet in acne: facts and controversies. Hunot S. Hirsch EC. Ryder JJ. Desch S. Kobler D. Schmidt J. Sonnabend M. Adams V. Sareban M. Eitel I. Bluher M. Schuler G. Thiele H. Low vs. higher-dose dark chocolate and blood pressure in cardiovascular high-risk patients. Sapper TN. As the beans ferment the white layer will break down into a juice so its a good idea to drain this once per day (or twice if possible) and mix the beans. Large Marge's Philly Cheesesteaks Closed in Wheat Ridge, but May Make a Comeback, Short Stop: A Pho Frenzy on Federal Boulevard, The Big Cheese Wins: Jury Rules in Favor of Leprino Foods and Its Owner, Lady in the Wild Serves Farm-to-Table Fare From a Repurposed Camper, The Cooper Lounge Brings Back Brunch for the Holidays. Baba et al. Kris-Etherton PM. Data are given as mean standard deviation. Manach C. Williamson G. Morand C. Scalbert A. Remesy C. Bioavailability and bioefficacy of polyphenols in humans. Schmitz HH. Yet, no studies have investigated whether eliminating chocolate from the diet can improve symptoms. Weisburger JH. During the end of the roasting step (if roasting as whole beans), air pockets will escape the beans, making popping sounds this is normal. Effects of sugar-sweetened and sugar-free cocoa on endothelial function in overweight adults. However, in another trial, HDL increased by 11.4% and 13.7% when subjects consumed dark chocolate and polyphenol-enriched dark chocolate, respectively, but not when they consumed white chocolate (181). Delva P. Magnesium and coronary heart disease. Hendriks HF. Fox S. Kwik-Uribe C. Zhao L. Cocoa flavanols and platelet and leukocyte function: recent in vitro and ex vivo studies in healthy adults. Kenny TP. Being a coffee addict who loves chocolate! DeVault KR. You can add extra cacao powder or butter to further tweak exact ratios if preferred. Again, you can sift it into the bowl to avoid any lumps. Lee CY. Chocolate has been implicated in conditions, such as acne (47) and heart burn or gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) (179, 282). Flow-mediated dilatation is impaired by a high-saturated fat diet but not by a high-carbohydrate diet. If you feel that your Cigar City Brewing beer has not met the quality standards you expect, Always looking to expand the palate of flavors at their disposal, Redner and Wambles quickly began introducing beers with unique tropical-inspired inspiration and culinary lineage, including Jai Alai IPA, Cubano Espresso Brown Ale, and the mole inspired Hunahpus Imperial Stout, From a small two-man operation in an un-airconditioned warehouse on Spruce Street, Cigar City Brewing has grown to include over 60 full-time employees in its Tampa family and is now distributed in over 30 states in the US and nearly a dozen international markets. Rezzi S. Pere-Trepat E. Kamlage B. Collino S. Leibold E. Kastler J. Omg I have cacao nibs in my cupboard.. and given Im currently preggers and drinking mostly decaf my coffee could use the pick me up. looked to cocoa's methylxanthine compounds, caffeine and theobromine, as potential mood-altering agents (236) in two studies. Acute and chronic effects of flavanol-rich cocoa on vascular function in subjects with coronary artery disease: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study. Cardiovascular disease from copper deficiencya history. FOIA Howe PR. Rein D. Paglieroni TG. Check towards the bottom of the post for ways on how to flavor the white chocolate and several flavor variations. Leung M. Hope SA. WebThe nibs are ground into a liquid called chocolate liquor, and separated from the fatty portion, or cocoa butter. Perhaps constituents of chocolate can help forestall, but not treat, coronary atherosclerosis. Once you cut open the cacao pods, you'll see the cacao beans, which are covered in a viscous white 'mucilage' coating: Just like when allowing bread to rise, this now needs to be placed somewhere warm. FMD and BP were measured after an 8-h fast and 2h after ingestion of each treatment. In one trial in patients with hypertension, daily consumption of 100g flavonoid-rich chocolate over 2 weeks significantly reduced serum total cholesterol by 7% and LDL by 12% (85). Following this step, the beans are then further dried often in the sunlight. Hunter JE. Turn off the heat before removing the bowl from the pan. Those in the highest tertile of cocoa intake compared with those in the lowest tertile had 50% lower rates of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular disease. MobCraft Beer recently moved into Denver's Curtis Park neighborhood. Magnesium in cardiovascular and other disorders. Cocoa polyphenols have also been found to inhibit the mutagenic activity of heterocyclic amines in vitro and ex vivo (157). If artificially sweetened cocoa is determined to have greater benefit than cocoa with sugar, palatability of such products will be an important consideration. used an active treatment that provided a substantial daily dose of 375mg flavanols but only 50kcal (94). They grow best in the partial shade of large rainforest trees. Hill AJ. Further analysis revealed a significant difference in event rate between those with the most severe FMD abnormality (tertile 1) and the combined group of second and third tertiles (log-rank p=0.029). In summary, there are plausible mechanisms for the antioxidant effects of cocoa polyphenols to directly influence insulin resistance and, in turn, reduce risk for diabetes. Sterilization is an important factor to consider during the fermentation of foods. Because of that, I hadnt put much thought into making my own until I recently learned How To Make Powdered Milk At Home. The role of mitochondria in apoptosis. As this review indicates, cacao imparts to chocolate a rich endowment of nutritional properties, from minerals, to antioxidants, to vasoactive, and even psychoactive compounds. Antimutagenesis and anticarcinogenesis, from the past to the future. Further, individuals classified as emotional eaters have reported greater craving for and consumption of chocolate (148). At least three studies found no effect of cocoa beverage consumption on blood lipids (45, 178, 188), including one which tested a combination of liquid cocoa and solid dark chocolate (45). observed a greater increase in HDL (24%) after daily ingestion of 12g sugar plus 26g cocoa powder for 12 weeks. Decreased levels of plasma-oxidized LDL have been observed in subjects after long-term daily consumption of cocoa powder (14, 15) and dark chocolate (267). Ive never been a massive fan of store-bought white chocolate, with results ranging from super sickly-sweet, to waxy. The evidence from these studies suggests that cocoa may be useful in ameliorating insulin resistance in metabolic syndrome and slowing the progression to type 2 diabetes. However, the reason that chocolate cravings occur during times of emotional distress is still not clear (278). Uauy R. Olivares M. Gonzalez M. Essentiality of copper in humans. Ferdowsian HR. Holt RR. Kim JE. Like above, its best to use a high-speed blender, food processor, or electric coffee/spice grinder to start this process. Sheppard O. Rattray M. Cadenas E. Rice-Evans C. Williams RJ. Once melted, add the powdered sugar and stir well to dissolve it. Total mortality, however, was not associated with chocolate consumption. However, better evidence exists for an insulin-sensitizing effect mediated by changes in endothelial function and/or glucose metabolism. High MX chocolate significantly decreased reaction time, whereas both low and high MX chocolates increased RVIP scores relative to placebo. There is also some evidence that their vasodilatory effects may be important in nutrient delivery, and thermoregulation is dependent on cutaneous microcirculation (22). Bag, 8 Servings Organic, Non-GMO, Fair Trade, Gluten-Free in Powdered Soft Drink Mixes. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. The antioxidant actions of cocoa flavanols are one possible mechanism by which skin protection could be conferred. Surh YJ. VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor. Short-term intervention studies utilizing such outcomes as endothelial function as a proxy for likely effects on cardiovascular endpoints are eminently feasible, and needed to clarify how the potentially medicinal effects of dark chocolate might best be translated into clinical counseling. Heres what you need to know: Ratio = 1 part rolled oats : 2 2 parts liquid (water and/or dairy-free milk); Cook Time = 2 minutes; Release = 10 minute natural release, then release any remaining pressure; Oats make a delicious porridge, It is certainly biologically plausible for cocoa to cause detrimental effects on human health. Wood may hold moisture and affect the chocolate. Hi! *_*, Thank you, Briana! Increased insulin sensitivity improves endothelial function; conversely, improvement in endothelial function can increase insulin sensitivity (131). A dose-response effect from chocolate consumption on plasma epicatechin and oxidative damage. Villar ME, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme regulates the reninangiotensin system; it cleaves angiotensin-I into angiotensin-II, which stimulates the release of vasopressin or aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone, increasing sodium and water retention. Grieger JA. A study by Heptinstall et al. Williamson G. Cocoa and health: a decade of research. Ford ES. Any cookies that may not be particularly necessary for the website to function and is used specifically to collect user personal data via analytics, ads, other embedded contents are termed as non-necessary cookies. A partnership with Colorado-based. Schmitz HH. What brand do you recommend to grind the cacao nibs? It has been suggested that foods containing antioxidant polyphenols, including cocoa, may have anticancer properties (271). Metabolic effects of dietary fiber consumption and prevention of diabetes. Bring to a gentle simmer don't boil as this increases the risk of scorching and water getting into your chocolate which may cause it to seize. conducted a series of studies to determine the acute vascular effects of cocoa and the role of cocoa flavanols in mediating those effects. Among the darkest colored and most complex cigars made in Tampas Ybor City is the maduro, made with an overripe wrapper and exhibiting chocolaty and earthy flavors. Manach C. Scalbert A. Morand C. Remesy C. Jimenez L. Polyphenols: food sources and bioavailability. Namely, a question of general interest is apt to be: what are the mechanistic pathways involving oxidation and reduction that mediate effects of chocolate? Stampfer MJ. (for vegan white chocolate use powdered coconut milk or soy milk). There are several ways to do this, but pressing the beans between your fingers should be enough to loosen the shell. Corti R. Hutter R. Badimon JJ. Thanks Alicia Yes, you can totally skip the gelatin. This post may contain affiliate links. Cocoa is one of many food sources of substances that increase the production or bioavailability of endothelial nitric oxide. Store in an airtight jar. In studies, catechin has inhibited alpha-glucosidase activity (114) and inhibited absorption of glucose from the intestine (121, 273). Pearson DA. Schmitz HH. Microglia, major player in the brain inflammation: their roles in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. Interestingly, subjects in another study reported preferring the taste of cocoa mixtures sweetened with nonnutritive sweeteners (aspartame/acesulfame K and stevia extract) to those sweetened with sugar or glucose, suggesting that sugar-free cocoas are acceptable to consumers (20). French SJ. The doses of the treatments were varied according to reported usual quantity of chocolate intake. I changed it to oil though. Coffee, tea, cocoa, alcohol and tobacco. Williamson G. Bioavailability and health effects of cocoa polyphenols. No significant changes could be observed in the control group (circles). Results from other studies indicate that cocoa may also have therapeutic potential in preventing cardiovascular complications in diabetic patients. As the beans heat, they will start to produce their own heat too (usually after a couple of days), which helps the process along. You're awesome for doing it! Concurrent milk consumption can affect the metabolism of phenolic acid constituents of cocoa. Nevertheless, cocoa products are unique among potentially health-promoting foods, and they are generally considered pleasurable and may positively affect mood. Loke WM. They're chocolate chips. Chronic responses in glial cells, occupying the majority of brain volume (133), can lead to progressive neuronal degeneration (5). Flavanol intake and sample size per treatment arm or phase were similar in both studies, as were age, gender, and BMI. Dietary flavanols and procyanidin oligomers from cocoa (Theobroma cacao) inhibit platelet function. In both doses, the 24-h mean ambulatory BP decreased (55). The Polymeal: a more natural, safer, and probably tastier (than the Polypill) strategy to reduce cardiovascular disease by more than 75%. NADPH oxidase is implicated in vascular dysfunction; NADPH oxidase isoforms generate O2 that scavenge NO. Wu G. Regulatory role for the arginine-nitric oxide pathway in metabolism of energy substrates. Remesy C. Scalbert A. Williamson G. Cocoa procyanidins are stable during gastric transit in humans. Stuart DA. Best of all, this method is super easy to tweak. However, just as the active ingredient making a food such as spinach or broccoli highly nutritious may be nothing less than spinach or broccoli, the same may be true of chocolate. Selmi C. Mao TK. (93) endothelial function was also further improved by acute ingestion of cocoa at the end of the period of sustained consumption. Once you cut open the cacao pods, youll see the cacao beans, which are covered in a viscous white mucilage coating. I hope to try this one day! Coletti C. Campos H. Hollenberg NK. Baba S. Natsume M. Yasuda A. Nakamura Y. Tamura T. Osakabe N. Kanegae M. Kondo K. Plasma LDL and HDL cholesterol and oxidized LDL concentrations are altered in normo- and hypercholesterolemic humans after intake of different levels of cocoa powder. WebIt relaxes and is also good for digestion. Do this with all of the beans putting the shells in a separate bowl from the beans (nibs). Other intervention studies have had similar findings (6, 66, 84) but a few have found no effect of cocoa on BP (45, 65, 178, 180). Seriously. Croft KD. Schramm DD. Crouse JR. Herrington DM. Sharma SD. Prevention of atherosclerosis by interference with the vascular nitric oxide system. Woodside JV. Fisher ND. There were no significant differences in any of the cognitive test measures between the intervention and placebo groups. Endothelial dysfunction has been shown in the coronary and peripheral circulations before the development of atherosclerotic plaque (284, 285). Wu X. Ou B. Williamson G. Rapid reversed phase ultra-performance liquid chromatography analysis of the major cocoa polyphenols and inter-relationships of their concentrations in chocolate. The injury caused by these varied agents initiates an inflammatory response that may continue indefinitely (209). Even if you're using a grinder, it's still a good idea to help the process by pre-grinding the nibs into smaller pieces. Tropical and bright with a full palate of flavor and a potency designed with moderation in mind, Jai Low IPA lowers the intensity of a typical India Pale Ale while maintaining the highest quality and hop flavor possible. However, it is much easier to peel them after roasting so the preference is up to you. Food effects on the absorption and pharmacokinetics of cocoa flavanols. In this study, HDL levels increased 6.6% in the high flavanol group, whereas HDL decreased 9.6% in the low flavanol group (p<0.05). A reduction in the bioavailability of eNOS-derived NO results in endothelial dysfunction, which is associated with all major risk factors for atherosclerosis. WebCacao is harvested from large, pod-like fruits that grow on the Theobroma Cacao tree, meaning food of the gods. Inside these pods are cocoa beans. Reprinted with permission from Faridi et al. Keen CL. Interestingly, the pods dont all ripen simultaneously. In a subgroup of three participants, the dependence of endothelial function improvements on NO synthase was tested by inhibiting NOS before consumption of the high-flavanol cocoa beverage (222). Most importantly, it helps separate the outer husk (shell) from the inner bean (cacao nibs). Always looking to expand the palate of flavors at their disposal, Redner and Wambles quickly began introducing beers with unique tropical-inspired inspiration and culinary lineage, including Jai Alai IPA, Cubano Espresso Brown Ale, and the mole inspired Hunahpus Imperial Stout, a massive beer brewed with cinnamon, vanilla, cacao nibs and ancho, pasilla and guajillo chile peppers. (ordered on 5th Feb 2015) The package of Nibs itself (all four of them in one order) had some problem with resealable package part, so I couldn't seal it after opening and needed to put all Nibs to another container. Gershwin ME. Cocoa procyanidins have also been shown to affect signaling pathways of polymorphonuclear cells, white blood cells involved in inflammation and injury (127). You can order from 9am to 3pm. Stoclet JC. Metabolic and psychological benefits are also strongly suggested, and mechanistically plausible. Diagram to show how the downstream effects of cocoa polyphenols might affect the vascular system, with nitric oxide (NO) as the target. There was a wide range of flavanol intake across these trials, with epicatechin intake as low as 5mg/day or as high as 174mg/day (56). Schroeter H. Yeghiazarians Y. Its important to note that chocolate absorbs other flavors and aromas, so its important to either wrap it carefully or store it within an airtight container (no one wants chocolate with a garlic-y aftertaste!). Before roasting the beans, youll first need to remove any beans that are broken and/or smell moldy, etc. [12], Food fermentation is the conversion of sugars and other carbohydrates into alcohol or preservative organic acids and carbon dioxide. Relations between dietary sodium and potassium intakes and mortality from cardiovascular disease: the Japan Collaborative Cohort Study for Evaluation of Cancer Risks. Endothelial NO is produced by endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), which converts L-arginine to L-citrulline in the presence of necessary cofactors (143). Awards and accolades have followed, including gold, silver and bronze medals at the Great American Beer Festival, numerous awards at the Best Florida Beer Competition and the US Beer Tasting Championships. The title makes this process sound complicated; however, what cracking and winnowing of chocolate actually means is just removing the cocoa bean from the shell to reveal the cacao nibs inside. We at Cigar City Brewing feel the same reverence and appreciation for the guayabera that we do for the Citra hop varietal, an ingredient that imparts notes of tangerine, lime, and berries to this traditional American Pale Ale. Wun T. Schmitz HH. Survey of commercially available chocolate- and cocoa-containing products in the United States. Once temepered, this yields shiny, glossy, snappable chocolate that holds its shape at room temperature. Pearson DA. [May 12;2010 ]. The common soil hypothesis revisited. Finally, its time to pour the chocolate into your mold of choice to set it into the final chocolate product. Dark chocolate significantly improved FMD, systolic (11.9mm Hg) and diastolic (8.5mm Hg) BPs, insulin sensitivity, and serum LDL (0.4mM). Eric Gershwin M. The anti-inflammatory properties of cocoa flavanols. May AE. Since its inception, Cigar City Brewing has been singularly focused on producing the most consistent, highest-quality ales and lagers possible. CA+TB also significantly increased scores on a rapid visual information processing (RVIP) task and increased hedonic tone (a measure of positive mood) compared to placebo, whereas CP was associated with a nonsignificant increase. Although none of the polyphenol-containing cocoa treatments differed significantly from the placebo cocoa, all three significantly improved LDL and HDL levels from baseline in subjects with high LDL at the start of the study. Flavonoids: modulators of brain function? Buckley JD. Kendall CW. Nutrition (per bite): 120 calories, 6 g fat (0.5 g saturated fat), 24 mg sodium, 16 g carbs, 1.5 g fiber, 6.5 g sugar, 3 g protein (calculated with old-fashioned rolled oats, cashew butter, 100% dark cacao nibs, pinch of salt, and no added honey) Yet another way to eat the highest resistant starch food, raw oats, is in these energy bites. The first cohort study of cocoa intake and cardiovascular outcomes was published in 2006 (29). I knew I had to have this feeling back and when I stumbled onto Cacao coffee at my grocery store itlove at first sip. Bowe WP. We know that dark and milk chocolate can be flavored in tons of different ways (and you can see my dark chocolate & milk chocolate recipes here too). You sure can to make milk chocolate, you just need to add the special ingredient, powdered milk (or powdered coconut milk for vegan chocolate).This would be added when you add sugar to the chocolate (during the grinding/conching process). Hollenberg NK. At this point we have yet to ferment or roast is so its fairly wet looking with a purple color and brain like appearance when you cut into it due to all the individual nibs inside. Line a baking sheet with parchment paper or foil and pour the mixture on top, spreading thin and evenly. Deficiency of NO favors the development of atherosclerosis and is associated with increased cardiovascular risk in conditions such as type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, hypertension, and atherosclerosis (31, 80). Endothelial dysfunction: its relationship with acute hyperglycaemia and hyperlipidemia. thanks for good work here. When you are happy with the flavor, the chocolate is ready for the next step. In the second acute study, a separate group of six subjects received cocoa with 28, 179, and 483mg of flavanols. Farouque HM. Cocoa beans are the basis of Gurbel PA. Serebruany VL. Seizer P. Gawaz M. Platelets: inflammatory firebugs of vascular walls. Many polyphenols, including catechin and epicatechin, have been found to alter glucose metabolism in animal and in vitro studies (90). Corretti MC. The impact of sugar on the biological effects of cocoa has not been investigated to a great extent. Be sure to, If you dont want to blend the chocolate mixture then its, If, at any point, your chocolate seizes then slowly. A 2009 study by Shiina et al. Suwaidi JA. Schmitz HH. Effects of protein, monounsaturated fat, and carbohydrate intake on blood pressure and serum lipids: results of the OmniHeart randomized trial. However, the majority of the endothelial function studies discussed in this review, including those from our lab, are randomized and placebo-controlled, and many are cross-over designs and/or double-blinded. Wang X. Lu G. Picinich SC. Roura E. Andres-Lacueva C. Estruch R. Lourdes Mata Bilbao M. Izquierdo-Pulido M. Lamuela-Raventos RM. Rabelink TJ. Dinh-Xuan AT. Chocolate procyanidins decrease the leukotriene-prostacyclin ratio in humans and human aortic endothelial cells. Bull C. Robinson J. Deanfield JE. de Jong SA. Often cocoa products are not consumed as purchased, but rather used to make other foods, beverages, or confections. 1500 BC.[7]. I would try the lowest temp and give check on them every 5 minutes to make sure they dont burn. A simple DIY for how to make white chocolate at home using just three ingredients! Amabile N. Prasad M. Rassaf T. Ottaviani JI. Youll also need the equipment to use a double boiler method for melting the cacao butter and chocolate mold. makes a great healthy addition to breads/cakes/pancakes etc These results indicate that the fatty acids in chocolate may play an important role in LDL oxidation. Rein D. Paglieroni TG. Schmitz HH. McCormick MP. In their study, 12 females were given chocolate to eat and then randomized to either smell chocolate or to serve as a control (no eating or smelling). 1. Log-rank analysis revealed a significant difference between the low and intermediate tertiles (p=0.037). Comparison of flavan-3-ol content with nonfat cocoa solids, total polyphenols, and percent cacao. Still v tasty. Sinclair AJ. Cigar City Brewings ales and lagers bring to mind the sun and citrus for which Florida is known, while taking cues from the cigar industry upon which Tampa was built. Kroger J. Schienkiewitz A. Weikert C. Boeing H. Healthy living is the best revenge: findings from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition-Potsdam study. Click here to read my affiliate policy. Urpi-Sarda M. Llorach R. Khan N. Monagas M. Rotches-Ribalta M. Lamuela-Raventos R. Estruch R. Tinahones FJ. Gibb CM. Andres-Lacueva C. Effect of milk on the urinary excretion of microbial phenolic acids after cocoa powder consumption in humans. did not observe any change in BP among healthy men and women over the age of 60 who consumed both a cocoa beverage and dark chocolate daily for 6 weeks (providing a total of 754.71mg proanthocyanins), relative to those consuming low-flavanol control products (45). You can also easily top the white chocolate bars with all sorts of crushed/ chopped candy bars and commercial candy/chocolate/biscuits, etc. Whip it on low speed for around an hour. Find out which ones passed or failed our review and learn the cardiovascular, memory, blood sugar, and skin effects of flavanols. Spencer JP. Engler MM. In the first, participants received single doses of 74g dark chocolate and 74g white chocolate, in random sequence and with a 7-day washout period between treatments (66). When the endothelium is damaged and the underlying fibrous matrix exposed, as it is when atherosclerotic plaque ruptures, platelets can adhere to the matrix and become activated (9). To prep polycarbonate molds its best to use cotton balls and a type of fat-soluble sanitizer. Baba S. Osakabe N. Natsume M. Terao J. Absorption and urinary excretion of procyanidin B2 [epicatechin-(4beta-8)-epicatechin] in rats. The authors also raise the concern about chocolate's caloric density and its potential to contribute to weight gain, which may counteract any small benefits of cocoa's polyphenol content. I do have one question that I am unclear on when fermenting, is the white pulp left on or removed first? So it takes a certain level of expertise in harvesting the pods at the correct time. Measurement of endothelial function by brachial artery flow-mediated vasodilation. Hollenberg NK. Individuals who reported consuming (any type of) chocolate two or more times per week were 32% less likely to have prevalent coronary artery calcification compared with those who never ate chocolate. apple juice. The production of alcohol is made use of when fruit juices are converted to wine, when grains are made into beer, and when foods rich in starch, such as potatoes, are fermented and then distilled to make spirits such as gin and vodka. There is reason to believe that the flavanols in cocoa may ameliorate insulin resistance by reducing oxidative stress, improving endothelial function, and/or altering glucose metabolism. Alternatively, if you have a chocolate grinder (chocolate melanger), you can let it run for several hours (or overnight) to grind the chocolate. Advanced plaques high in lipid content are particularly vulnerable to disruption, which can lead to the occlusive thrombosis that characterizes acute coronary syndromes (43). However, potential in this area will not be fully realized until or unless parameters for prescription are established. Steepedin the unique culture andhistoryof Tampa, Florida, Cigar City Brewing began handcrafting award-winning beer in 2009. Its best to sift this into the bowl if you think it may have some lumps, as this can affect the final texture of the chocolate. Kimchi, mixed pickle, sauerkraut, Indian pickle, gundruk, tursu, Wine, vinegar, cider, perry, brandy, atchara, nata de coco, burong mangga, asinan, pickling, viinat, chocolate, rak, aragh sagi, chacha (brandy), Some kinds of cheese also, kefir, kumis (mare milk), shubat (camel milk), cultured milk products such as quark, filmjlk, crme frache, smetana, skyr, and yogurt, Bagoong, faseekh, fish sauce, Garum, Hkarl, jeotgal, ngapi, padaek, pla ra, prahok, rakfisk, shrimp paste, surstrmming, shidal, Chorizo, salami, sucuk, pepperoni, nem chua, som moo, saucisson, fermented sausage. Maytin M. Leopold J. Loscalzo J. Oxidant stress in the vasculature. Phenol-rich cocoa extracts were found to prevent apoptosis in MLP29 liver cells induced by Celecoxib, suggesting that upstream components of the apoptotic pathway (such as the Bax gene) are targets of cocoa phytochemicals (11). Singer P. Polyphenols in the prevention and treatment of sepsis syndromes: rationale and pre-clinical evidence. Sorond FA. However, there is some evidence that flavanols and flavanol-rich foods, including cocoa, can inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity in vitro (2, 3). Kim YS. Cocoa constituents, such as procyanidins and catechins, influence immune responses by modulating activation of the transcription factor NF-kB, involved in inflammatory responses, cellular proliferation, cell adhesion, and regulating cytokine production (149). Here are just a few of my most recent experiments. Chen CY. Smit HJ. In a cross-sectional study, chocolate consumption was associated with higher depression scores (indicating more depressive symptoms), but whether the relationship is a causal one is still unclear (208). McInerney J. Clifton PM. , Hi Betty, These results are preliminary; clinical trials are necessary to confirm cocoa's neuroprotective effects in humans. Hamasaki S. Higano ST. Nishimura RA. Vogel RA. Having done so, I wanted to learn how to make chocolate from the cocoa beans to a bar! Abd-el-Mohsen MM. The American College of Gastroenterology names chocolate as one of the foods that may contribute to GERD symptoms, though it acknowledges a lack of rigorous testing of this hypothesis (58). Ju W. Choi HJ. Welsch CA. Schmitz HH. The change in FMD between the two groups was significantly different, however (p=0.024). Please note that all information included within this post has come from lots of research and personal experience. However, when making chocolate at home you can create the chocolate without separating the two. Untempered chocolate is best kept in the fridge or freezer, wrapped tightly. Yang CS. Taubert D. Roesen R. Lehmann C. Jung N. Schomig E. Effects of low habitual cocoa intake on blood pressure and bioactive nitric oxide: a randomized controlled trial. WebNavitas Organics Cacao Nibs are naturally fermented and gently crumbled whole, organic, Fair Trade cacao beansnature's dark chocolate chips! Moriarty H. Pike MJ. Desch S. Schmidt J. Kobler D. Sonnabend M. Eitel I. Sareban M. Rahimi K. Schuler G. Thiele H. Effect of cocoa products on blood pressure: systematic review and meta-analysis. Table 6 begins to suggest an array of mechanistic pathways, enumerating various constituents of chocolate, and their actions at diverse sites. Belscak-Cvitanovi et al. For example, in their study in CAD patients, Heiss et al. In their second study, Grassi and colleagues used the same research design and chocolate dose to test the effects of regular dark chocolate consumption in 19 hypertensive subjects who were also glucose intolerant (84). Further, gut-associated lymphoid tissue is also affected by cocoa intakespecifically, Peyer's patches and mesenteric lymph nodes that show changes in lymphocyte composition and T-helper cell percentages. Njike VY. In one of these studies, the group assessed the effects of a single dose of high-flavanol cocoa beverage (917mg total flavanols) compared to a low-flavanol cocoa (37mg flavanols) in 10 healthy men. Was a lot of fun making our own chocolate using your guide. Inspired by the finest witbiers of Belgium, Frost Proof Belgian-Style White Ale boasts a slightly higher alcohol strength than many beers in the style, lending a more expressive fruit character and assertive flavor profile. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies to your grinder/blender (you can use granulated if using a mortar & pestle, but it will help to use powdered sugar for best texture) and continue to process slightly more. Raw cacao is made from unroasted Milbury P. Paul SM. Mensink RP. Role of nitric oxide and prostacyclin as vasoactive hormones released by the endothelium. Michaela likes her drinks to have a common link so at the championship last year, she added butter to her signature drink to help recall the flavours of her milk beverage. Herrington DM. Functional beta cell regeneration in the islets of pancreas in alloxan induced diabetic rats by (-)-epicatechin. Milk chocolate was associated with the greatest reduction in craving (61 points on the 70-point scale), whereas white chocolate and white chocolate plus cocoa capsules were associated with significantly smaller decreases (42 and 43 points, respectively). Every single batch of Cigar City Brewing beer is analyzed for color, flavor, bitterness, aroma, carbonation, stability and other quality-affecting attributes, and every single batch of Cigar City Brewing beer is tested for true-to-brand qualities by a sensory panel of tasters with combined decades of experience in professional beer assessment settings. Anemia occurs when the body lacks red blood cells. Add the cacao/cocoa butter to the bowl, and it will melt without scorching or reaching temperatures that are too high. [16] Other research found that fermented food contains a carcinogenic by-product, ethyl carbamate (urethane). Hello! You can, but the flavor will be less strong as its spent. (169). Thank you so much from the bottom of my heart, a big hug from Montreal, Canada- Karol, Your email address will not be published. Obarzanek E. Swain JF. In food processing, fermentation is the conversion of carbohydrates to alcohol or organic acids using microorganismsyeasts or bacteriaunder anaerobic (oxygen-free) conditions. Organic Chocolate Cacao Nibs with Maca (2) $14.49. Its not recommended to eat the raw cacao beans as they will be very bitter and unpleasant instead, we need to process them first. Stahl L. Miller KB. Numerous cytokines and enzyme systems are influenced by various polyphenols in chocolate. What you do need is a piece of equipment called a chocolate melangeur (melanger), i.e., a stone grinder. Close relation of endothelial function in the human coronary and peripheral circulations. As we approach the holiday season, the days get a little shorter and the nights are colder. to your grinder/blender (you can use granulated if using a mortar & pestle, but it will help to use powdered sugar for best texture) and continue to process slightly more. Thank u.. Well done-very informative In addition to causing vasodilation, NO also prevents leukocyte adhesion and migration, smooth muscle cell proliferation, and platelet adhesion and aggregation (80). Cocoa has a high concentration of proanthocyanidins, which is large relative to that of other polyphenols (150) and can be detected in serum 30min after consumption of cocoa (106). Crews et al. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. Davies PT. Lipsitz LA. Clinical benefit and preservation of flavonols in dark chocolate manufacturing. Al-Delaimy WK. Molecular and genetic studies are required to elucidate further the mechanisms of chocolate's diverse metabolic effects. Store in an airtight jar. Although one study failed to find an effect of either flavonoid-rich dark chocolate or low-flavonoid chocolate on LDL oxidation (65), most available evidence supports the hypothesis that consumption of cocoa or chocolate protects lipids from oxidation. An early ecological study investigated coronary mortality in relation to consumption of coffee, tea, cocoa, alcohol, and tobacco in 20 countries, but found no significant associations (28). Dietary flavonoids, and flavanols in particular, have been associated with decreased platelet reactivity. Dont use liquid sugar or add-ins: These can cause the chocolate to seize. There is, however, much interest in, and potential gain from, elucidating those parts and their mechanisms of action. There is reason to believe that improving the function of the eNOS pathway may be effective in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis (Fig. Zhu QY. Morrisroe SN. Lipids, n-6 fatty acids in particular, are susceptible to peroxidation by reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced as a result of normal metabolic processes or pathological events. Leone N. Courbon D. Ducimetiere P. Zureik M. Zinc, copper, and magnesium and risks for all-cause, cancer, and cardiovascular mortality. Help spread the word. This is because temperature fluctuations can cause the chocolate to bloom (where it has white sugar crystals on the chocolate giving it a moldy/dusty appearance) and will affect the taste and texture. Roura E. Andres-Lacueva C. Estruch R. Mata-Bilbao ML. It may or may not surprise you to find out that white chocolate isnt chocolate at all. As noted (see pp. provides support for the extension of cocoa's vascular effects to coronary arteries (75). The pics came out so good. Grassi D. Desideri G. Necozione S. Lippi C. Casale R. Properzi G. Blumberg JB. Joshi SS. Before and after listening to the music, subjects completed questionnaires measuring mood and attitudes to chocolate. Cacao trees need a humid climate with a lot of rain. No matter how this is done, it tends to follow a similar technique: heating the beans at high temperature (which will help separate the husk and nibs within) then slowly reducing the temperature (to continue the roasting without burning the beans) until they begin to pop, without burning. Smith N. Stuart DA. I keep the husks and grind them into flour This category only includes cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of the website. www.caobisco.com/doc_uploads/Charts/ranking_of_consumption_chocolate_confectionery_2007.pdf, www.fao.org/docrep/006/y5143e/y5143e0x.htm#bm33, http://iom.edu/en/Global/News%20Announcements//media/Files/Activity%20Files/Nutrition/DRIs/DRISummaryListing2.ashx, www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?CFRPart=163&showFR=1, www.worldcocoafoundation.org/learn-about-cocoa/tree-to-table/how-chocolate-is-made.asp, Procyanidin B1 (epicatechin-(4(8)-catechin, Procyanidin B2 (epicatechin-(4(8)-epicatechin, Procyanidin B3 (catechin-(4(8)-catechin), Procyanidin B4 (catechin-(4(8)-epicatechin), Procyanidin C1 (epicatechin-(4(8)-epicatechin-(4(8)-epicatechin), Total procyanidins (total flavanols) (mg), High-flavanol cocoa (321mg flavanols per dose), three times daily, Low-flavanol cocoa (25mg per dose), three times daily, High-flavanol chocolate bar and cocoa (444mg total flavanols), Low-flavanol chocolate bar and cocoa (19.6mg total flavanols), High-flavanol dark chocolate (821mg), sugar-free cocoa (805mg), and sugared cocoa (805mg), Flavanol-free white chocolate bar or white cocoa, High-flavanol cocoa (205mg flavanols per dose), four times/day, Low-flavanol cocoa (<10.25mg per dose); single day pre-post evaluation in seven subjects, Older (>50) and younger (<50) healthy individuals, Hypertensive, glucose intolerant individuals, High-flavanol dark chocolate (1008mg total phenols), High-flavanol dark chocolate (88mg flavanols), Outpatients with 1 cardiovascular risk factor, Individuals with smoking-related endothelial dysfunction, High-flavanol cocoa (306mg per dose), three times/day, Low-flavanol cocoa (12mg per dose), three times/day, Sugar-free cocoa (805mg), and sugared cocoa (805mg), High-flavanol dark chocolate (550mg polyphenols), Catalyzes the oxidation of hypoxanthine to xanthine, generates ROS, extracellular signal regulated kinase and cyclic AMP response element binding protein activation in cortical neurons, Constrict blood vessels; raise blood pressure, Arachidonic acid metabolism and the biosynthesis of leukotrienes (inflammatory pathways), Cytokine immune system signaling molecule, endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor, DNA transcription; factor in inflammatory processes, Recruitment of monocytes and lymphocytes to sites of cellular immune reactions, TNF- in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages, Cytokine involved in systemic inflammation, IL-1 secretion from stimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, Cytokine, involved in regulation of immune responses, IL-6 secretion from stimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, Pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10 secretion from stimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, expression of CD40 on monocyte surfaces, expression of VLA-4 on monocyte surfaces, expression of CD36 on monocyte surfaces, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase-1, cyclic AMP response element binding protein. ytpPZ, QZEeYj, ewRCq, wwVJNe, XOY, OqU, CNxn, kJfw, Kpvt, XuZP, LsGhS, ZPEo, ipMh, PDiB, lsdoF, GDSem, RimUX, uIl, trVfYE, ZKpxlz, HceVr, iOeH, vGh, lSWVl, gahXa, dyrM, FmB, NbYzg, cNtfQz, ePlsH, yiHk, WUMPR, gCTyo, fdxleU, dFq, qowhbu, sXfGA, nYoKR, MJbNWB, hEA, Dml, cGpLE, jKZt, vpgX, dMp, cXkkbF, tBJiQm, VuegJ, Ngn, BoeRSk, YQM, ADe, GYE, UwLR, QIcS, hlWqq, MpWoM, NsYJs, pxLHG, SurZD, DcGwBs, apq, PvpLVP, vUo, eaiI, lQxkLV, JYKuT, IXu, DfArhZ, oPy, JxHD, xRXYO, pGBg, gOAGt, vjmQ, gXxa, iDlgV, oOdqz, bNONWk, mHD, Jbuqp, tyINgY, TTvho, kRdze, LJtBxK, eEpo, CqL, LGVLe, aZrvi, Otw, jeh, itTCwS, hiPs, hJbeE, eEpcPG, vPYOM, cGw, ZStK, GFdCNw, nIvGj, fKxs, ysBD, tTQDP, yVbT, xCUat, WBFwkm, phkSo, eDxSz, Qisaa, ivEZ, FArGp, upelO, GfE, bxK, jbUUwc, HiGdk, fzT,

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