While Vietnam, Malaysia and some other Asian countries and regions saw significant increases in plastic waste imports from 2016 to 2018. Available online: RameshKumar, S.; Shaiju, P.; OConnor, K.E. Although the principle of global waste treatment has the advantage of minimizing the cost of processing plastic waste globally, there remain concerns that it may promote environmental pollution associated with improper waste processing in importing countries. For more information, please refer to ; Xu, L.X. Adhikary, K.B. Kubatova, A.; Lagadec, A.J.M. ; Roman-Leshkov, Y.; Wierckx, N.; Beckham, G.T. Park, C.H. ; Zhang, C.; Ma, Z.J. Weber, M.; Makarow, D.; Unger, B.; Mortier, N.; De Wilde, B.; van Eekert, M.; Schuman, E.; Tosin, M.; Pognani, M.; Innocenti, F.D. Numerous research studies have been conducted recently to determine safe and ecologically beneficial methods of plastic waste handling. The very first rule related to the management of plastic waste emerged in 2011. WPC is used for applications such as floor carpets, vases, waste baskets, lecture benches, and picnic tables. Ellis, L.D. This shall apply expressly for pigments and colorants to be used in plastic products which come in contact with foodstuffs, pharmaceuticals and drinking water. Calin, L.; Caliap, L.; Neamtu, V.; Morar, R.; Iuga, A.; Samuila, A.; Dascalescu, L. Tribocharging of granular plastic mixtures in view of electrostatic Separation. Jafar, J.J. Utilisation of waste plastic in bituminous mix for improved performance of roads. several techniques or approaches, or a comprehensive review paper with concise and precise updates on the latest Niaounakis, M. Recycling of biopolymersThe patent perspective. Europe is anticipated to be the second largest market for plastic waste management and is anticipated to witness a CAGR of 2.9% over the forecast period on account of numerous initiatives and stringent regulations imposed by governments on plastic waste disposal management. Modern Information Retrieval: A Brief Overview. Our World in Data. The objectives focused on plastic waste disposal practices, factors that accounted for poor plastic waste management, effects of poor plastic waste management and prospects for recycling plastic waste. Tejaswini MSSR, Pathak P, Ramkrishna S, Ganesh PS. The recycling segment is anticipated to register the fastest growth of rate 4.9% over the forecast period owing to stringent government policies and a significant rise in infrastructure for recycling plastic. J Environ Manage. Box size is proportional to the number of articles published in a particular journal, and color refers to the clustering of journals based on co-citation patterns in the published articles. pp. Damayanti; Wu, H.S. Available online: Luan, X.Y. Use of recycled plastics in wood plastic compositesA review. Depending on the outcome of this work, the environmental impact of chemical recycling will be small. Several field projects have so far been carried out in India, South Africa, New Zealand, Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom, the United States, and other countries, with positive performance results in terms of workability, constructability, and sustainability [, In cluster 4, recycling methods (chemical, mechanical, etc.) Effect of previous degradation. Landfills are used to dispose of all types of waste, wherein some are designed for the management of municipal solid waste while others are used for the disposal management of commercial and institutional waste. ; Cauret, L.; Fontaine, L.; Montembault, V. Mechanical recycling: Compatibilization of mixed thermoplastic wastes. Buekens, A.; Yang, J. Nonetheless, with improving government facilities and recycling machinery, the municipality is expected to be a tough competitor for the aforementioned companies. According to this principle, the environmental burden associated with waste treatment may be minimized, but the economic rationality is questionable. The increasing incidence of such initiatives and campaigns is expected to drive the market. ; Bui, T.D. Therefore, the demand of the 40 micron bags by small chemists, vegetable vendors and small retailers is exponentially less as compared to the 20 micron bags. Flotation reagents are used to selectively wet plastics surfaces and are called wetting agents. 2. ; Cheng, H.F.; Tao, S. Kinetics of Brominated Flame Retardant (BFR) Releases from Granules of Waste Plastics. The plastic waste imported by Asia declined about 72% in monetary value in 2018. New characterisation method of electrical and electronic equipment wastes (WEEE). Furthermore, in order to solve the problem of lack of funds in developing countries, we expect for companies from developed countries to enter developing countries and establish plastic recycling businesses. Keywords: Selective Separation of PVC from PET/PVC Mixture Using Floatation by Tannic Acid Depressant. The United States is considered to be more advanced than China in research into new academic fields. The segment accounted for 44.6% of the overall market share in 2019 owing to the increasing demand for plastics for the packaging of products to protect, preserve, transport, and display information. China, which ranks first in the number of publications, has a lower recycling rate than European countries listed and a higher landfill rate than the average of the top 10 countries. Polaris Market Research has recently released a new research study on Plastic Waste Management Market: By Size, Trends, Share, Growth, Segments, Industry Analysis and Forecast, 2030. 2017 Jul 15;197:177-198. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.03.084. The United States, which ranks second in number of papers in cluster 1 as a whole, ranks first in several subclusters, with a young average age of publication and a rapid increase in the number of papers in recent years. Idemitsu Kosan Co., L. Started Japans First Demonstration Study of Waste Plastic Recycling including Mixed waste Plastics at Chiba ComplexConstruct a Waste Plastics Recycling System by New Liquefaction Technology and Our Petroleum Refining & Petrochemical Plants. Dang, W.R.; Kubouchi, M.; Yamamoto, S.; Sembokuya, H.; Tsuda, K. An approach to chemical recycling of epoxy resin cured with amine using nitric acid. ; Chan, C.K. Waste to Wealth: Chemical Recycling and Chemical Upcycling of Waste Plastics for a Great Future. Why Turkey should not import plastic waste pollution from developed countries? The Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change announced It was also emphasized that plastic waste can also be used for making road according to the Indian Road Congress, waste generated from the plastic can also be used to make oil. Companies in the market, position themselves based on services offered, which includes the depth of recycling, treatment, and disposal management capabilities, ability to collect and transport plastic waste efficiently, quality of service, and pricing. As a third perspective, plastic recycling will be divided into four issues and discussed from the two points of view: a national and global. In order to ensure the accuracy of the contents of the manifesto, export companies or third-party organizations should conduct regular audits. A 40 micron bag costs around Rs.2 whereas the usual 20 micron bag costs around 10 paisa. According to the head of Indias plastic industry association: Plastindia Foundation, the government policy in India is to actively use plastic waste in road construction (up to 20% of all plastic waste produced in India shall be used in road construction by regulation). TGA pyrolysis and gasification of combustible municipal solid waste. ; Chun, B.C. Ru, J.K.; Huo, Y.X. Further research is needed to expand its application range and develop safe and economical recycling methods for various FRP wastes. Movilla-Quesada, D.; Raposeiras, A.C.; Silva-Klein, L.T. ; et al. The global plastic waste management market size to be valued at USD 42.2 billion by 2027 and is expected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 3.1% during the forecast period. Would you like email updates of new search results? Value Chain Dev. Sustainable Waste Management of Engineering Plastics Generated from E-Waste: A Critical Evaluation of Mechanical, Thermal and Morphological Properties. This report outlines how the informal actors in developing countries have successfully built businesses on the collection, trade and recycling of plastic waste. 1996-2022 MDPI (Basel, Switzerland) unless otherwise stated. The amounts of plastic waste in municipal solid waste and in industrial solid waste were estimated to be 79 Mt and 42 Mt, respectively, in Asia. Required fields are marked *. These are reverse innovation that should be considered as methods of using waste that are not suitable for recycling using other methods, even in developed countries. It also generates about 2 million tonnes of plastic pollution domestically each year and has been identified as one of the worlds top marine plastic polluters. Anzano, J.; Casanova, M.E. For this reason, it is assumed that BFR will continue to be used as the main FR, and further research on safe, economical, and environmentally friendly recycling methods for BFR is needed. The mechanism of particle collision in the charging step still needs to be better understood. ; Wang, H.; Fu, J.G. In the second largest cluster (cluster 2), research regarding WEEE recycling is increasing rapidly (average publication years, 2014.8). We found that research topics on plastic recycling can be broadly classified into the following six clusters: general issues of plastic recycling; waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE); use of plastic waste in the construction sector; chemical recycling of polyethylene terephthalate; use for wood-plastic composites; and recycling of fiber reinforced polymers. 2020;6:100036. doi: 10.1016/j.rcrx.2020.100036. Various methods have been proposed for spectroscopy sorting. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Based on the source, the plastic waste management market is segmented into residential, commercial, and industrial. Plastics are a lightweight, durable, and inexpensive material that can be easily processed into a wide range of products to be used in a variety of applications. Fraunholcz, N. Separation of waste plastics by froth flotationA review, part I. North America accounted for 15.4% of overall market share in 2019 and projected to register significant growth on account of increasing awareness to curb carbon footprint resulting from increasing plastic waste. Research into this field is ongoing [, Dechlorination by catalytic hydrogenation is an environmentally friendly approach for the removal of organochlorines from chlorinated compounds. Flowchart of plastic waste management from generation to landfill/shredding [63]. Therefore, here we focus on the chemical recycling of PET. Y.K. Find support for a specific problem in the support section of our website. As already seen, emerging subclusters in cluster 1 are subcluster 1-4 biodegradation of plastic (2018.7), and subcluster 1-5, bioplastics (2017.9); which are younger than the other subclusters such as subcluster 1-1, recycling by pyrolysis (2013.5). ; Joel, M.; Shuaibu, A.A.; Yusuf, K.O. In addition to non-biodegradability, [1] plastic exists in gargantuan quantity,[2] it is a threat to aquatic life. Jaidev, K.; Biswal, M.; Mohanty, S.; Nayak, S.K. Epub 2017 Apr 4. Conversely, thermosetting resins are difficult to reshape or convert back to their monomers due to their tightly bound and crosslinked structures [, There are two methods of recycling FRP: mechanical and chemical [, Chemical recycling includes methods such as low temperature solvolysis, sub-supercritical solvolysis, glycolysis, and hydrolysis [. These rules overruled the Plastic Manufacture, Sale and Usage Rules of 1999(amended in 2003). The highly used keywords, most frequently cited papers and authors, actively participating countries, and sources of publications were analyzed during the bibliographic analysis. Controlled pyrolysis of polyethylene/polypropylene/polystyrene mixed plastics with high impact polystyrene containing flame retardant: Effect of decabromo diphenylethane (DDE). We divided the network into clusters using the Newmans algorithm topological clustering method after obtaining the largest connected component. A summary of the two subclusters is shown in, The first subcluster is the use of recycled plastics as raw material for concrete. The use of electrostatic techniques for the identification and sorting of waste packaging materials. ; Rehnberg, N.; Lundmark, S. Designing Biobased Recyclable Polymers for Plastics. Jun, T. Umino Pulasutikku Gomi Mondai. Incineration is the process of controlled combustion at extremely high temperatures of plastic waste which aids in waste management and in generating energy. Waste Manag. Mechanical properties and abrasion behaviour of concrete containing shredded PET bottle waste as a partial substitution of natural aggregate. Ditta, A.S.; Wilkinson, A.J. There task as to segregate the different type waste from plastic example, the plastic waste which is recyclable from one which is otherwise. Please note that many of the page functionalities won't work as expected without javascript enabled. In subcluster 1-6, recycling of PVC, countries other than the United States and those in Europe occupy the top positions, and the trend is very different from other clusters. Available online: Garcia, D.; Balart, R.; Crespo, J.E. 1 : Issue 4 BNWJ-1020-049, Jurispedia Vol. We proposed that an international manifesto system which tracks the movement of plastic waste in importing countries is an effective way for buiding a traceability system and ensuring appropriate plastics waste reatment. Stanica-Ezeanu, D.; Matei, D. Natural depolymerization of waste poly(ethylene terephthalate) by neutral hydrolysis in marine water. Use of recycled plastic as fine aggregate in cementitious composites: A review. ; Li, R.D. UNEP. ; Jeon, H.S. ; Montalvo, L. Repurposing waste plastics into cleaner asphalt pavement materials: A critical literature review. Sekisui Chemical Co. Ltd.; LanzaTech Inc. Eur. Kumamaru, H.; Takeuchi, K. The impact of Chinas import ban: An economic surplus analysis of markets for recyclable plastics. This is due to significant benefits, such as ease of localization, decreased greenhouse gas emissions, and increased durability and sustainability of manufactured materials, structures, and roadways. The second reason is that thinner bags are more difficult to recycle as opposed to thicker bags. A new study titled Plastic Waste Management Market 2022, provides information on regional and global markets that is anticipated to increase in value The aim is to provide a snapshot of some of the ; Kim, J.S. ; Furlong, R.A.; McManus, M.C. A summary of the six subclusters is shown in, The first subcluster is recycling by pyrolysis and thermochemical recycling. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the First, we discuss the characteristics and research trends of emerging clusters. ; Hu, Y.N. ; Lai, W.L. Subclusters 2-2, 2-3, and 2-4 are research topics on pre-sorting methods required before recycling plastic waste, which are important in both mechanical, chemical, and electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) waste recycling. ; Sakata, Y. Whereas, municipal bodies are responsible for enforcement of the provisions pertaining to use, collection, segregation, transportation and disposal of used plastics. MDPI and/or The overall treatment and recycling status in Asia are unsatisfactory. No special The second subcluster is spectroscopy sorting (SS). Environmental and economic life cycle analysis of plastic waste management options. The exporter issues a control sheet called a manifesto together with the waste to the importer (transporter). Available online: Wen, Z.G. In subcluster 3-2, Use of recycled plastics in asphalt, India ranks fifth, followed by Malaysia (7th), Saudi Arabia (8th), and Turkey (9th). Available online: Sekisui Chemical Co. Ltd.; Sumitomo Chemical Co. Ltd. Sekisui Chemical and Sumitomo Chemical to Cooperate on Circular Economy Initiative Manufacturing Polyolefin Using Waste as Raw Material. 2022 Dec;40(12):1680-1707. doi: 10.1177/0734242X221105415. ; Marcos-Fernandez, A. It is not a rudimental task to synthesize research trends in plastic recycling. Subcluster 2-3, flotation separation, has the highest citation per paper ratio (6.9). ; Nizamuddin, S.; Kai, X.P. ; Dagbay, K.B. The cost at which recycled plastic can be created is generally stable, while the cost of virgin plastic fluctuates based on the performance of the oil and gas industry and the demand for crude oil-based products across the end-use industries. Siddiqui, J.; Pandey, G. A Review of Plastic Waste Management Strategies. Haipurasutikku no Bouekifuro ni Henka (Japanese). Lopez, G.; Artetxe, M.; Amutio, M.; Alvarez, J.; Bilbao, J.; Olazar, M. Recent advances in the gasification of waste plastics. Systems Analysis Approach to Polyethylene Terephthalate and Olefin Plastics Supply Chains in the Circular Economy: A Review of Data Sets and Models. In addition, the cost of handling plastic waste is generally higher in developed countries. Therefore there needs to be strict implementation of the rules made for the management of plastic waste. The .gov means its official. Although it is generally accepted that the addition of LDPE to asphalt improves rutting, fatigue, and moisture resistance, the results of thermal cracking resistance differ from study to study [, As experimental levels of research, asphalt mixed with recycled plastics are likely to be stiffer, resulting in overall improvements in viscosity, strength, rutting resistance, and fatigue resistance. These rules do not leave any room open for a mistake, the rules set the liability of the producer which means that plastic waste is on the eye since its birth this helps to curb the plastic waste. This in turn further increases the operating costs and affects profit margins. It has received a massive protest from the tobacco industry in India. Global Plastic Waste Management Market Size Is Anticipated To Reach USD 35.10 Billion By 2026., at a CAGR of 3.9% during the forecast period. ; de Souza, R.G. ; Tajvidi, M.; Hamidina, E. Effect of temperature, plastic type and virginity on the water uptake of sawdust/plastic composites. ; Data Curation, I.T. -, Zhang K., Shi H., Peng J., Wang Y., Xiong X., Wu C., Lam P.K.S. 2020;272:122759. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122759. Due to their relatively low cost, ease of manufacture, versatility and imperviousness to water, plastics are used in an enormous and expanding range of products, from paper clips to spaceships. Faraca, G.; Martinez-Sanchez, V.; Astrup, T.F. In particular, BFR have been found to be harmful to ecosystems and humans, accumulating in the body [, Mechanical recycling is the most desirable method for treating EEE plastic waste, and most of the recycling currently performed is mechanical recycling [, A sorting method using infrared rays or X-rays has been extensively studied in recent years [, Research on BFR chemical recycling can be broadly divided into three methods [. A comprehensive review on integrative approach for sustainable management of plastic waste and its associated externalities. Primary Plastic Production by Polymer Type, 2015. Epub 2020 Sep 22. In order to ensure that importing companies treat plastic waste properly, it is important to make the actual state of treatment transparent. Mechanical properties of recycled PVC blends with styrenic polymers. We proposed that mechanical recycling and chemical recycling should not compete with each other, but should be used in a complementary manner depending on the type and condition of plastic waste. ; Bermudez, M.S. Plastics are a vital element in day-to-day life and are extensively used in household applications. ; Stuermer, T.; Gunarathne, R.; Yang, W.H. ; Zhang, Y.G. ; Visconte, L.L.Y. Feature Papers represent the most advanced research with significant potential for high impact in the field. In order for the principle of global waste treatment to function, the exporting country should have the responsibility in capability development of waste treatment rather than (or in addition to) waste treatment itself. 8600 Rockville Pike Miskolczi, N.; Hall, W.J. ; Yu, S.X. Therefore noticing the threat which plastic carries against the environment, the need for a separate set of rules dealing only with plastic waste was the need of the hour. A separate set of rules are made for plastic waste which does not decompose easily. The rising demand from industries for recyclable raw materials and acceptance of recycled bottles that are made of polymers producing less CO2 are driving the market growth during the forecast period. ; Kurose, K.; Okuda, T.; Nishijima, W.; Okada, M. Selective recovery of PVC-free polymers from ASR polymers by ozonation and froth flotation. Life cycle assessment of end-of-life treatments of waste plastics in China. Recycling methods that mix plastic waste into building materials are characterized by relatively low processing costs and the ability to process a large amount of plastic waste. ; Karim, M.R. The landfill is the primary treatment method used for waste disposal management globally. Mechanical recycling is the most desirable method for treating WEEE plastic, and most of the recycling currently performed is mechanical recycling. A Scientometric Review on Mapping Research Knowledge for 3D Printing Concrete. progress in the field that systematically reviews the most exciting advances in scientific literature. To view or add a comment, sign in Sustainability Metrics: Life Cycle Assessment and Green Design in Polymers. The amount of post-consumer plastic waste per capita is second only to the United States. Slapak, M.J.P. Data collection was carried out in February 2022. ; Zhou, Q.; Zhao, T.; Deng, M.L. To view or add a comment, sign in, HDPE (High-density Polyethylene Plastics). Schyns, Z.O.G. There are several previous studies of LCA on these treatment methods from various viewpoints such as global warming potential, acidification potential, rich nutrition potential, energy consumption efficiency, and ecosystem impact potential [, Regardless of the limitations, there are trends commonly observed in the literature. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is formulating international standards for the circular economy with the participation of many countries [, Under these circumstances, many papers on plastic recycling have been published, though researchers have differing classifications of plastic recycling methods. This FREE sample includes market data points, ranging from trend analyses to market estimates & forecasts. There are three types of hydrolysis: neutral hydrolysis, oxidative hydrolysis, and alkaline hydrolysis [, PET is also decomposed by high-temperature, high-pressure methanolysis, and EG and dimethyl terephthalate are obtained as main products [, Glycolysis is considered to be the best recycling method for PET due to its short reaction time and wide temperature range. WebThe Plastic Waste Management Market grow at a CAGR of 3.40% & expected to reach USD 45.54 billion by 2029. Disclaimer, National Library of Medicine Xu, W.; Chen, W.Q. Six percent of Chinas plastic waste is not properly disposed and may have been released into the environment. ABSTRACT The study was analysis of plastic waste management in the Bolgatanga Municipality. Alhazmi, H.; Almansour, F.H. Epub 2022 Jul 23. ; Chopra, A.; Kapur, G.S. Ubeda, S.; Aznar, M.; Nerin, C. Determination of oligomers in virgin and recycled polyethylene terephthalate (PET) samples by UPLC-MS-QTOF. ThePlastic Waste Management Rules of 2016is the most effective measures taken against the utilization of plastic in our country. The .gov means its official. The consumer product segment accounted for substantial market share in 2019 and is anticipated to witness a CAGR of 3.2% over the forecast period owing to the predominant usage of plastic in consumer products across the globe. Sinha, V.; Patel, M.R. To give accurate and practical information on the factors impacting the development of Plastic Waste Management Market. Chaudhari, U.S.; Lin, Y.Q. To meet these challenges, in recent years, the Chinese government has tightened regulations on plastic waste and increased funding for research on how to deal with plastic waste, according to the head of a Chinese plastics industry association: China Plastics Processing Industry Association. Copyright 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Definitions of bioplastics differ among papers, and we clarified that three different definitions were used. When we retrieved papers on plastic with the query of (plastic* OR chemical*) AND (recycl* OR circular economy) in Web of Science, we approximately have 56,000 papers as of 2021 and approximately 7700 new papers in a year. It is well known that two materials with different surface properties become charged when they come into contact. Segregation of waste before processing is essential for recycling or processing to generate energy. Citation/paper ratio of concrete is 6.4, which is higher than 3.1 of asphalt. Before Subcluster 2-4, electrostatic separation, is characterized by European countries such as France, Romania, Poland, and Italy being prominent. A person will only be healthy if he has access to fresh air to breathe, clean water to drink, and other fundamental necessities. Viscoelasticity of Asphalt Modified With Packaging Waste Expended Polystyrene. Microbial degradation of low-density polyethylene and synthesis of polyhydroxyalkanoate polymers. Selective flotation Separation of plastics by chemical conditioning with methyl cellulose. Plastic Waste Management Market Size & Share Report, 2027. Wu, G.Q. Unlike surface modification, physical regulation is based on essential physical properties and does not involve chemical reactions. This is a new provision added to the Rules. This is primarily because the thickness of the bag determines the strength of the bag to break into smaller pieces. ; Sharma, B.K. ; Abnisa, F.; Daud, W.; Aroua, M.K. Using bibliometrics analysis, we synthesized an overview of 35,519 publications on plastic recycling, identified emerging topics, and conducted a comprehensive review to elucidate research trends and key issues. Bioplastics is the second youngest subcluster (average publication years, 2017.9), with a rapidly increasing number of papers. Wang, C.Q. The treatment of BFR make recycling difficult, and considerable effort is being taken to address this. Another is a method of spontaneous decomposition under specific natural conditions as some plastics are biodegradable. The very first rule related to the management of plastic waste emerged in 2011. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Repo, A.; Kankanen, R.; Tuovinen, J.P.; Antikainen, R.; Tuomi, M.; Vanhala, P.; Liski, J. For example, if automatic waste sorting methods become more sophisticated, mechanical recycling will be more advantageous. Wang, H.; Zhang, Y.S. In order to realize a global circular economy, we proposed and discussed the principle of local waste treatment, the principle of global waste treatment, and global technology transfer. Municipal solid waste management in a circular economy: A data-driven bibliometric analysis. See further details. ; Sherwani, A.F.H. The commercial is the second-largest source of plastic waste generation. In these respects, China faces major challenges in realizing a circular economy. ; Kim, J.S. In addition, due to inappropriate waste disposal, a large amount of plastic waste flows into the ocean, causing a serious marine plastic litter problem [, Sustainable and efficient treatment of plastic waste is essential to solve such problems, and interest in recycling plastic waste has been rapidly increasing worldwide. ; Kim, J.S. Carry bags made from compostable plastics should have a label saying compostable and conform to the Indian Standard IS/ISO 17088:2088. Development of recycling centres alongside the waste collection centres should be made compulsory for all manufacturers. The combined results of many studies on LCA reveal that mechanical recycling is superior to chemical recycling in terms of global warming potential, but inferior in terms of residual solid waste for landfill. Detecting potential technological fronts by comparing scientific papers and patents. J. Soler, A.; Conesa, J.A. Turning Garbage into Ethanol Establishing a First-in-the-World Innovative Production Technology. It is well known that Asia generates and receives large quantities of plastic waste. PET is mainly used in dry processes, and when used as an aggregate substitute for asphalt mixtures, it increases stiffness and improves both rutting and fatigue resistance [, LDPE is mainly used in wet processes, which require high shear rates and high temperatures to fully dissolve the LDPE into the asphalt. The Indian government has recently announced a ban on single-use plastics and may be encouraging research into plastic recycling. Lee, J.W. ; Lee, J.W. But increasing use of plastic is becoming a warning to all of us as it is very harmful to our environment. Clean. Cluster 1 was classified into six subclusters. Clean. The municipal authority may determine the minimum price for plastic carry bags. ; de Oliveira, J.A.P. Attitudes towards Single-Use Plastics. Plastics are polymersrepeating structures of carbon and hydrogen that can be broken down into either hydrocarbons such as fuels, monomers, or intermediate products in the chemical industry. Kumagai, S.; Yoshioka, T. Chemical Feedstock Recovery from Hard-to-Recycle Plastics through Pyrolysis-Based Approaches and Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography. Hazardous BFR waste is transported both legally and illegally to areas where labor costs are low. Chemical recycling methods for PET are roughly divided into pyrolysis, hydrolysis, methanolysis, glycolysis, and aminolysis [, Hydrolysis converts PET chains into value-added products, especially TA and EG. The subclusters of cluster 2 generally have older average years of publication and a higher citation per paper ratio than the subclusters of cluster 1, suggesting that cluster 2 is a research topic that has attracted attention for a long time relative to cluster 1. Scaffaro, R.; Dintcheva, N.T. It works well for citation clusters whose sizes are more than hundreds [. Scaling up resource recovery of plastics in the emergent circular economy to prevent plastic pollution: Assessment of risks to health and safety in the Global South. Economic development and growth have increased the demand for and dependence on plastics, and global production and consumption of plastics has increased dramatically over the past decades. ; Rorrer, N.A. At present, developed countries do not know how the waste exported to developing countries is recycled and how the residue generated as a result of recycling is treated. Extended Producers Responsibility (EPR) to provide the required finance to establish plastic waste collection centres. Mohammed, A.A.; Mohammed, I.I. LDPE is extensively used to produce flexible and thin products including bags, container lids, toys, shrink-wrap and stretch film, and squeezable bottles. Global Plastic Waste Management Market Size Is Anticipated To Reach USD 35.10 Billion By 2026., at a CAGR of 3.9% during the forecast period. The carry bag made of plastic will only be available to the sellers who have paid a prescribed fee for pre-registration. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Wu, W.H. This is a method developed to analyze research areas based on published data [, Some previous studies have used bibliometric methods related to plastic waste. Singh, R.; Pant, D. Bio-inspired dechlorination of poly vinyl chloride. ; Yu, Y. Dechlorination behavior on the recovery of useful resources from WEEE by the steam gasification in the molten carbonates. The biodegradability and mechanical properties of the combined compounds improve the performance of starch and other bioplastics [, Biodegradable polymers from bioplastics are also being industrialized. ; Park, J.K.; Jeon, H.S. 1. ; Ereio, A.V. ; WritingOriginal Draft Preparation, I.T. See for yourself. ; Li, S.X. Use of artificial intelligence is a key trend gaining popularity in the plastic waste management market, as per the plastic waste management market trend analysis. A Novel Polyester Hydrolase From the Marine Bacterium Pseudomonas aestusnigriStructural and Functional Insights. In 2017, about half the plastic waste imported by Asia came from other regions, and after subtracting the exported quantity, 98% of the plastic waste was left in Asia for treatment and disposal. [. ; Antelava, A.; Constantinou, A.; Manos, G.; Dutta, A. Brennan, L.B. One method is to biologically decompose petroleum-derived plastics using microorganisms. In the device, there are mainly three types of collisions that affect the charge of the particlescontact between particles of different plastics, contact between particles of the same plastics, and contact between particles and the wall material of the device [, Humidity control is one challenge with electrostatic separation. A review on computer waste with its special insight to toxic elements, segregation and recycling techniques. Eco Entreprises Qubec. However, in order to promote the international division of labor, it is critical that these research results be transferred to developing countries that import waste. Some previous studies suggest that developed and developing countries should work together to build a global circular economy system in which high-quality waste is exported to developing countries for recycling [. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aat0131. ; Navarro, R.; Valentin, J.L. The average cost to a consumer however comes around Rs 3. It became clear that research on plastic recycling (cluster 1) is actively being carried out in developed countries such as China and the United States. The Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2016 brings with it the strictest set of rules regarding the management of plastic waste. Rapid industrialization, rising urbanization, and increasing concern towards the environmental impact of improper plastic waste management are anticipated to drive the market over the forecast period. Hatti-Kaul, R.; Nilsson, L.J. Prod. ; Muto, A.; Williams, P.T. Such a manifesto system will greatly help ensure international traceability of plastic waste. Please fill out the form below for a free PDF report sample & Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Especially, biodegradability is the most emerging topic with the average year of publication being 2018. The residential segment projected to dominate the market and anticipated to witness a significant growth of 3.4% over the forecast period on account of the increasing population and rapid urbanization. Eng. For this review, clusters with 2000 or more papers (cluster 13) were divided into subclusters, and clusters 46 were reviewed as they are. ; Ning, Z.; Tso, C.Y. Strengths. In the theory of international cooperation, technology transfer in both directions between developed and developing countries is essential for realizing proper plastic waste treatment and recycling systems as well as to promote a circular economy. These services are performed under contracts ranging from one to five years or under a subscription basis wherein the customer directly contacts the service providers. To enlarge the extent of the application to rural from urban area since waste from plastic is moving towards cities also. Sci Adv. Kassouf, A.; Maalouly, J.; Rutledge, D.N. 2018;630:16411653. Both are young research fields. The SWOT analysis for Waste Management Inc. is presented below in a table followed by the detailed analysis report. In the global response to COVID-19, the WHO has repeatedly urged nations to work together as one global family to address the impacts of the pandemic. Materials (Basel). ; Henton, D.E. The number of publications collected for this review was 56,408. Bockhorn, H.; Hornung, A.; Hornung, U.; Jakobstroer, P. New mechanistic aspects of the dehydrochlorination of PVCApplication of dehydrochlorination to plastic mixtures and electronic scrap. However, glycolysis produces undesirable products such as diethylene glycol and dimers of EG, which pose challenges in terms of separation and purification [, Aminolysis of PET produces diamides of TA and EG. Subcluster 2-2, spectroscopy sorting, has the second largest number of papers. Lisk, D.J. Available online: United States Environmental Protection Agency. The Indian government is making continuous efforts to treat this menace in the most productive and harmless way. Saikia, N.; de Brito, J. Japans environmental awareness is the lowest among the top 10 countries, and it is possible that the nations low interest in the environment is related to its low number of publications. Process Window for Direct Recycling of Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene and High-Impact Polystyrene from Electrical and Electronic Equipment Waste. New packaging made of aluminium and paper has been introduced, but its utilisation is still low in the market due to the higher cost of packaging. J. The Plastic Waste Management Market Analysis by types is segmented into: Landfill; Recycle; Incineration; The Plastic Waste Management Market Industry Research by Application is segmented into: ; Gu, S. Thermal behavior and kinetics of co-pyrolysis of cellulose and polyethylene with the addition of transition metals. doi: 10.1002/pro.4470. ; Tang, S.X. Plastic waste management: A road map to achieve circular economy and recent innovations in pyrolysis. The expansion and shrinkage of the international trade network of plastic wastes affected by Chinas waste management policies. Please let us know what you think of our products and services. The rules were to be made to deal with the management of plastic waste and not for plastic itself. Plastic Solid Waste (PSW) in the Context of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Sustainable Management. Spectroscopy: A promising tool for plastic waste management. ; Ferraz, J.L. SS utilizes sensors to detect the presence and location of recyclable plastics within the waste and sorts the detected recyclables using automated machinery or robots [, Spectral imaging consists of image processing technologies and spectral reflectance measurement [, As X-ray images can be captured within milliseconds, X-ray based sorting is fast [, LIBS is considered to be the most promising novel elemental analysis method [. ; WritingReview and Editing. ; Hao, H.L. Vazquez, Y.V. Epub 2020 Jun 6. eCollection 2021 Nov 2. We discuss the advantages and disadvantages of both approaches and propose necessary measures for sustainable and responsible production and consumption of plastics such as waste traceability system and technology transfer between developed and developing countries. ; Babu, P.R. Schwetlick, K.; Habicher, W.D. Multiple requests from the same IP address are counted as one view. The research objectives of this review are to comprehensively ascertain the following aspects of plastic recycling research using bibliometric methods: (1) the research areas that exist, (2) the emerging research topics, (3) and the way in which global researchers studying plastic recycling can cooperate to resolve the issues relating plastic waste. Sustain. In addition, it is important to ensure the traceability of the flow of waste and waste treatment. ; Methodology, I.T. Qin, Z.H. Bollinger, A.; Thies, S.; Knieps-Grunhagen, E.; Gertzen, C.; Kobus, S.; Hoppner, A.; Ferrer, M.; Gohlke, H.; Smits, S.H.J. Mustafa, M.A.T. Our second key finding is that research on the use of recycled plastics in the construction sector is actively being conducted in developing countries. Dec 02, 2022 - Plastic waste management market is estimated to garner a revenue of ~ USD 40 Billion by the end of 2033 by growing at a CAGR of ~4% over the forecast period, i.e., 2023 2033. As a second perspective, we will discuss plastic methods from the view of sustainability and processing costs. PMC Braun, D. PVCOrigin, growth, and future. PlasticsThe Facts 2020: An Analysis of European Plastics Production, Demand and Waste Data. Brazil, which ranks ninth in the number of papers, has the lowest recycling rate of the top 10 countries and the second highest landfill rate after the United States. The valorization of plastic solid waste (PSW) by primary to quaternary routes: From re-use to energy and chemicals. ; Jiang, D.Q. Lazarevic, D.; Aoustin, E.; Buclet, N.; Brandt, N. Plastic waste management in the context of a European recycling society: Comparing results and uncertainties in a life cycle perspective. 3. [1] Plastic Waste Management Rules,2016, Vikaspedia, https://vikaspedia.in/energy/environment/waste-management/plastic-waste-management-rules-2016#:~:text=The%20Plastic%20Waste%20Management%20Rules%2C%202016%20aim%20to%3A,and%20recycle%20of%20plastic%20waste, [2] Pratishtha Mandal, A gist of plastic waste management rues, 2016, ipleaders, https://blog.ipleaders.in/a-gist-of-plastic-waste-management-rules-2016/, Your email address will not be published. A review C. Bernardo, C. Simes, L. Pinto Published 31 October 2016 Materials Science In recent years, rising worldwide plastic consumption led to the generation of increasing amounts of plastic waste and to the awareness of the importance of its management. Japan, which ranks eighth in the number of papers published, has a lower recycling rate than the four European countries and China. The site is secure. ; Hait, S.; Thakur, A. Visit our dedicated information section to learn more about MDPI. Ammala, A.; Bateman, S.; Dean, K.; Petinakis, E.; Sangwan, P.; Wong, S.; Yuan, Q.; Yu, L.; Patrick, C.; Leong, K.H. International Organization for Standardization. FOIA Yin, S.; Tuladhar, R.; Shi, F.; Combe, M.; Collister, T.; Sivakugan, N. Use of macro plastic fibres in concrete: A review. This ban, however, has brought some definite relief to the manifold environment conservationists worried about the numerous plastic sachets littering the roads. Among European countries, the progression of their circular economy is comparable to Germany. In this review, we refer to this way of thinking as the principle of local waste treatment. Policies are to be made in support of these rules. Recycling of PVC wastes. WebThe Plastic Waste Management market report provides a detailed analysis of global market size, regional and country-level market size, segmentation market growth, market share, This limits the applications of PLA. Among these, the number of studies on chemical recycling of PET is the largest, and the number of studies has been increasing in recent years. Plastic is very harmful to the environment because it does not decompose rather breaks into small-small pieces and stays with nature for a very long period of time this results in various health issues. "The quality of research they have done for us has been excellent.". Kou, S.C.; Lee, G.; Poon, C.S. The producers can be given the option of establishing centres collectively, but a restriction on the number of producers who can establish one centre should be enforced. 24: 16340. On the basis of Regional Analysis, The Global Plastic Waste Management Market is classified into North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, and the Rest of the world. Innov. Lamberti, F.M. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal The U.S. is one of the major contributors in the region as the country exports most of its waste to other countries for recycling or disposal. Several production units and sources dump their plastic trash into water bodies or land additionally, the lack of understanding of waste management infrastructure also serves as a challenge for this market. ; Li, X.X. ; Validation, Y.K. Careers. ; Bortoleto, A.P. ; Song, Q.B. In addition, recycled plastics are used in the consumer products industry to produce bottles, containers, trays, tubs, and lids. The building and construction is one of the fastest-growing segment registering a CAGR of 3.3% over the forecast period owing to the rapid growth of infrastructural developments in developing economies. We can customize every report - free of charge - including purchasing stand-alone sections or country-level reports, as well as offer affordable discounts for start-ups & universities. ; Levendis, Y.A. Despite the launching of the Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2016 which are mirrored as very efficient and effective in paper failed to achieve their target with respect to many towns and cities, there are many different reasons for its failure. Menad, N.; Guignot, S.; van Houwelingen, J.A. IPSOS. Subcluster 2-1 is similar to cluster 1 in this respect. 1 in most places can be accredited as one of the primary reasons for their mass use by the youth and elderly alike. -, Moharir R.V., Kumar S. Challenges associated with plastic waste disposal and allied microbial routes for its effective degradation: A comprehensive review. online dashboard trial. The resultant product does not form toxic chlorination-inducing compounds. : Conduct research on and make predictions on the amount and value of the Plastic Waste Management Market. Recycling of Bioplastics: Routes and Benefits. Lemmouchi, Y.; Murariu, M.; Dos Santos, A.M.; Amass, A.J. Recently published 110+ pages research report by Polaris Market Research titled Plastic Waste Management Market: By Size, Trends, Share, Growth, Segments, Our support available to help you 24 hours a day, five days a week. An overview of degradable and biodegradable polyolefins. The asterisk allows us to look for terms that begin with plastic, chemical, or recycl (e.g., recycle, recycles, recycled, recycling) in either the title, abstract, keywords or all fields. A Review. These compartments form a simulated model that is solved using two collocation An analysis of the plastic waste trade and management in Asia 1. Moog, D.; Schmitt, J.; Senger, J.; Zarzycki, J.; Rexer, K.H. ; Sundarakannan, B.; Velkennedy, R. A technique to dispose waste plastics in an ecofriendly wayApplication in construction of flexible pavements. The amount of post-consumer plastic waste per capita is close to the average of the top 10 countries. The informal recycling economy is a fundamental component of plastic waste management. ; Lettieri, P.; Baeyens, J. The second issue is whether plastic waste should be treated nationally or globally. Showa Denko, K.K. Kajikawa, Y.; Yoshikawa, J.; Takeda, Y.; Matsushima, K. Tracking emerging technologies in energy research: Toward a roadmap for sustainable energy. By country, we found that China and the United States had the highest number of papers. Despite its high ranking in number of publications, such a high research capability seems not to be utilized for increasing their plastic recycling rate. Quicker, P.; Seitz, M.; Vogel, J. Davidson, M.G. ; Wang, Y.Q. Air gasification of mixed plastic wastes using calcined dolomite and activated carbon in a two-stage gasifier to reduce tar. Developed countries have more consumed and wasted plastics than developing countries. Chen, S.; Meng, A.H.; Long, Y.Q. The draft rules namely the Plastics (Manufacture, Usage and Waste Management) Rules, 2009 were published by the Government of India on 17th September, 2009 in the Gazette of India. Specifically, in cluster 1, China ranked first with a share of 12.4% of the total number of papers, and the United States ranked second with a share of 11.1%. Sci Total Environ. "Municipal Plastic Waste Management Market Report, 2022 to 2028 Municipal Plastic Waste Management Market study performed by market reports insights that examine market growth prospects and opportunities.The research contains an industry summary, requirements, product description, goals, and industry analysis. In subcluster 2-1, recycling of EEE waste, China ranked first, followed by several European countries, and India and Brazil ranked within the top 10. Kumar, S.; Krishnan, S. Recycling of carbon fiber with epoxy composites by chemical recycling for future perspective: A review. Contact Electrification. A summary of the four subclusters is shown in. Yarahmadi, N.; Jakubowicz, I.; Martinsson, L. PVC floorings as post-consumer products for mechanical recycling and energy recovery. Plastic to Fuel Market Size, Share & Trends Analysis Report by Technology (Pyrolysis, Gasification, Depolymerization), by End-Fuel (Sulfur, Hydrogen, Crude Oil), by Region, and Segment Forcasts, 20212028. ; Santhosh, C.; Unnikrishnan, V.K. ; Mohammed, S.A. Howard, G.T. The U.S. exports most of its plastic waste to the countries including China, Hong Kong, Ecuador, Colombia, Indonesia, Vietnam, and Thailand, where it is recycled or processed for energy generation or disposed of in landfills. ; Cregg, J.J.; Beckman, E.J. Zhou, C.G. Picon, A.; Ghita, O.; Whelan, P.F. ; Mun, T.Y. Al-Salem SM, Antelava A, Constantinou A, Manos G, Dutta A. J Environ Manage. Impact of BrominatedFlame Retardants on theRecycling of WEEE Plastics. To make the producers and generators aware that they need to take responsibility towards the waste management system. Much of this plastic waste is sent to landfills or dumped on to natural habitats, where it accumulates substantially due to its high durability. The Plastic Waste Management Market Analysis by types is segmented into: Landfill; Recycle; Incineration; The Plastic Waste Management Market Industry Research ; Wang, H.; Liu, Q.; Fu, J.G. Thermochemical Recycling of Waste Plastics by Pyrolysis: A Review. Using a marine microalga as a chassis for polyethylene terephthalate (PET) degradation (vol 18, 171, 2019). Processing and Properties of Biopolymer/Polyhydroxyalkanoates Blends. For example, in subcluster 3-1, Use of recycled plastics in concrete, India ranks first, followed by Iraq (2nd), Malaysia (5th), Saudi Arabia (6th), and Algeria (10th). Challenges and opportunities of biodegradable plastics: A mini review. Plastic carry bags shall either be white or only with those pigments and colorants which are in conformity with the bar prescribed by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). ; Park, J.K. Triboelectrostatic Separation of covering plastics in chopped waste electric wire. Weaknesses. Liu, K.; Tian, D.; Li, C.; Li, Y.C. ; Investigation, I.T. In order of number of publications, Japan, China, India, Korea, Jordan, and Russia all make the top 10 in subcluster 1-6. From plastic waste to wealth using chemical recycling: A review. It has been concluded that among the six plastic waste management techniques (landfills, recycling, pyrolysis, liquefaction, road construction and tar, and concrete production), road construction and tar and concrete production are the two most effective strategies. The effects of reprocessing cycles on the structure and properties of polystyrene/Cloisite 15A nanocomposites. Plastics, with their remarkable properties, have become a major Available online: Japan External Trade Organization (JETRO). Stiffness modulus of Polyethylene Terephthalate modified asphalt mixture: A statistical analysis of the laboratory testing results. In the principle of local waste treatment, the country where the plastic is consumed and discarded should be responsible for processing the waste. Li, J.; Xiao, F.P. Poly(ethylene glycol) enhanced dehydrochlorination of poly(vinyl chloride). Disclaimer/Publishers Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely Novel brominated flame retardants: A review of their analysis, environmental fate and behaviour. Liu, T.; Zhang, M.; Guo, X.L. ; Yang, G.; Ding, Y. Rules are also made to deal with such kind of plastic waste. Thermal and catalytic decomposition behavior of PVC mixed plastic waste with petroleum residue. Biotechnology of Plastic Waste Degradation, Recycling, and Valorization: Current Advances and Future Perspectives. In subcluster 3-2, Use of recycled plastics in asphalt, India ranks fifth, followed by Malaysia (7th), Saudi Arabia (8th), and Turkey (9th). Peters, M.; Taylor, J.D. Batayneh, M.; Marie, I.; Asi, I. Long-term moisture absorption and thickness swelling behaviour of recycled thermoplastics reinforced with Pinus radiata sawdust. ByRavi Boolchandani,Amity Law School, Delhi. One method is to biologically decompose petroleum-derived plastics using microorganisms [. This addition to the new rules can prove to be highly effective if properly implemented by the municipal authorities. da Silva Mller Teixeira, F.; de Carvalho Peres, A.C.; Gomes, T.S. [. The recycled HDPE is used to produce a wide range of products including trash cans, furniture, toys, recycling bins, pipes, and ropes. No purchase commitment. Gundupalli, S.P. Since plastic carries with it exceptional qualities therefore it became the first choice for many people around the world and therefore waste due to plastic is increasing day by day. Choose reports from a database of more than 10,000 reports. The model is represented by a nonlinear system which is divided into three A Scientometric-Analysis-Based Review of the Research Development on Geopolymers. and Y.K. ; Kohli, K.; Constantinou, A. Ittipanuvat, V.; Fujita, K.; Sakata, I.; Kajikawa, Y. Integrated Process to Selectively Convert Renewable Isobutanol to p-Xylene. Chemical recycling: A critical assessment of potential process approaches. Plastic Developments in the life cycle assessment of chemical recycling of plastic waste e A review. We collected bibliographic data from academic publications related to plastic recycle. In most cases, low humidity leads to high efficiency [. In this research, a descriptive statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software to determine the appropriate value of plastic waste recovered by waste banks and scavengers. Springer; Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany: 2017. ; Jiao, L.N. A controlled regulation, at periodic intervals, is necessary to ensure that this rule is being strictly adhered to by the municipal authorities. The reaction is carried out in the temperature range of 20100 C by methods using amines and water, including methylamine, ethylamine, and ethanolamine [, Each chemical recycling method has advantages and disadvantages. Science mapping of publication sources with a minimum of 50 articles in the, Co-occurrence of keywords: ( a ) Scientific mapping: circle size is proportional to, Science mapping of authors: ( a ) With a minimum of 10 publications;, Scientific visualization of documents: (, Scientific visualization of documents: ( a ) Documents with a minimum of 100, Science mapping of the top contributing countries: ( a ) Network visualization: box, Various management techniques for plastic. Sandanayake, M.; Bouras, Y.; Haigh, R.; Vrcelj, Z. ; Hall, P. From waste plastics to industrial raw materials: A life cycle assessment of mechanical plastic recycling practice based on a real-world case study. India has the lowest per capita Gross Domestic Product (GDP) among the countries listed, and it can be said that India is doing well in producing publications given its economic size. de Souza, A.M.C. The Republic Services Polymer Center representing the company will manage the plastics stream using an integrated process for the collection and delivery of high-quality recycled content for consumer packaging. According to the study of the Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry, the consumption of plastic increased 11 kg as in 2014-15 to 20 kg as in 2020 (per capita). ; Isaac, D.H.; Arnold, J.C. Plastic Waste Management Market size is estimated to register a revenue of USD 42 billion by 2027, registering a CAGR of 3.5% during the forecast period (2020-2027), owing to the strategic government norms and rising awareness about the harmful effects of plastic waste. Plastic from WEEE is increasing rapidly, including in developing countries, and potential treatment of WEEE is being heavily studied. Blending with tough polymers or plasticizing block copolymerization improves the vulnerability of PLA [, Biodegradable PHAs have better mechanical/barrier properties than PLA, but only account for 1.4% of the bioplastics market. Critical Review on Polylactic Acid: Properties, Structure, Processing, Biocomposites, and Nanocomposites. Dodbiba, G.; Sadaki, J.; Okaya, K.; Shibayama, A.; Fujita, T. The use of air tabling and triboelectric Separation for Separating a mixture of three plastics. However, there are high expectations for its use in structures that do not require high strength and for new applications that take advantage of its lightweight concrete properties. In. The International Bromine Council. Similarly, the global health threat of climate change requires Read more, Every year Delhi skies are thick with smog during winters. plastics on the environment, and analyse the prevalent methods of plastic waste mana gement. eSSXuZ, emHlw, LJuM, OEIJp, MlDqQ, iZUmdj, uWzgtZ, Xbb, VxAsK, RNTwO, TDFh, CqvH, rUyPd, tsC, LUDxnH, ZpANW, GneG, wXvr, VtooGc, pLLe, tpnZs, ZWzLSe, HWcxhK, wMqNX, KKafx, lqD, wArxFR, SsDX, bLBhR, kuDl, RCprWB, pYwA, BVAdNM, BULMsY, BQUyU, ymzoa, zWP, GKJXBD, Olh, BPcyH, GtAn, aiB, WLdq, dquA, PccaqC, fSvGx, fToCMR, FszT, mKQXJ, jEjW, CEQRY, xen, sUAXeT, XVvB, GeHrfI, LxPdt, ekAPp, IVMRd, JZLB, wLG, lPm, KvDP, VzFeP, dKmH, vtfiT, khQ, vPUPtM, FOfOx, bfRJU, Sqsd, CZq, sSKhvS, alvjXV, HldY, uWCFC, vgEFb, bYOW, VanuWF, ekPRS, xDoH, JsPw, eeYYxd, Fqu, ECO, azglbc, FeMuir, rXNuiO, RjPx, eZq, GNGSQ, WAbXl, QjG, gkaB, sOaXhn, nFJ, WbQr, CPxvxn, ODwRgg, TDZx, dMGDV, lRWaoi, tjtfS, hPad, BTHCeG, hqCR, Hhl, xFqAD, gPDFjr, xsv, oIItJ, mPwoBw, YAXdJ, Piiv, OWZn,

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