Values calculated from 7,413 participants who home compost. The leading bioplastic company is created called Novamount. For farmers, the agricultural waste can be a cash crop. [72] Some bioplastics biodegrade more efficiently in water bodies and marine systems; however, this causes danger to marine ecosystems and freshwater. Through its five manufacturing plants, Bollant Industries provide direct and indirect employment to around 500 and 2,500 people respectively. First, we need to fix the plastics image problem. Home composting certification scheme disintegration test timescales allow for longer periods of composting (up to 12 months) whereas industrial composting certificates are typically shorter. Ravi worked as a portfolio manager at Fidelity Investments in Boston and London for about 10 years where he co-managed $35 billion select global equity portfolios. Rundle Mall SA 5000, Australia, 55 Exchange Place, PLA is incredibly expensive to produce and is not mass-produced until 1989. While awareness of the detrimental impact plastic can have on the environment has exploded in recent years, environmentally friendly alternatives are only now picking up steam. The UK Plastics Pact. Ruggero, F., Gori, R., and Lubello, C. (2019). Bioplastics are plastic materials produced from renewable biomass sources, such as vegetable fats and oils, corn starch, straw, woodchips, sawdust, recycled food waste, etc. 19, 634643. Videos of key practical techniques and apparatus for revision, flipped learning or remote teaching. DP, SM, and MM: conceptualization. The 59% of these results report item remains still clearly visible (Level 02), 11% of results contain small pieces (<2 mm but still visible to participant), 30% of results report item no longer visible / not found within participant home composting timeframes. Sci. Through Samanvai, Srikanth and his like-minded co-founders, impacted the lives of more than 4,000 students with multiple disabilities who achieved massive empowerment. [43], There are difficulties with using soy protein-based plastics due to their water sensitivity and relatively high cost. The argument that the many citizens do not manage their home composter properly, which is the understandable reaction of many certifying organizations to this data, fails to take into account the real behavior of normal people, who have a range of abilities in regard to managing composting. 178, 114. A daily challenge for crossword fanatics. (Barber and Fisher 2001), 2001: Nick Tucker uses elephant grass as a bioplastic base to make plastic car parts. The result of using more compostable plastics would most likely have reduced the effectiveness of the composting of compostable plastic, so in this respect the experiment is biased toward better results. It is this ecosystem of organisms that is responsible for biodegrading items put in the composter, including the range of compostable plastics tested in this experiment. Please support us by making a donation or purchasing a subscription today. [72] Soil and compost as environment conditions are more efficient in biodegradation due to their high microbial diversity. 1.6 Is Paper Better than Styrofoam for Coffee? 12, 2013, pp. 37, 959975. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. The physics of restoration and conservation, Upcoming sustained professional development courses, RSC Yusuf Hamied Inspirational Science Programme, How to prepare for the Chemistry Olympiad, Spot the entropy errors worksheet | 1618 years, Hanukkah doughnuts: interpreting practical instructions | 1114 years, Gold coins on a microscale | 1416 years, Atoms, molecules and compounds quiz | 1114 years, Organic chemistry worksheets | 1416 years. Chart showing the frequency of tested items displaying identifiable certification or standards for compostability. We present results and analysis on home compostable packaging. The 91% of these participants indicated that they separate their food waste, this is a higher than the UK average (WRAP, 2016b) and is an indicator that this sample is not representative of the general population. WRAP (2018). (Bayer, Guzman-Puyol, Heredia-Guerrero, Ceseracciu, Pignatelli, Ruffilli, Cingolani, and Athanassiou 2014), 2016: An experiment finds that a car bumper that passes regulation can be made from nano-cellulose based bioplastic biomaterials using banana peels. Available online at: http://www.standardsdevelopment.bsigroup.com/projects/9017-01020. Barriers and enablers to buying biodegradable and compostable plastic packaging. And when bioplastics reach the end of their life cycle, those designed to be compostable and marketed as biodegradable are often sent to landfills due to the lack of proper composting facilities or waste sorting, where they then release methane as they break down anaerobically.[77]. The ASTM 6400 standard is the regulatory framework for the United States and has similar requirements. (accessed July 01, 2020). She was also recognized as a special educator by the Rehabilitation Council of India in 2008. Srikanth firmly believes that vision is much more than eyesight, and has to do more with the mind. [28], Starch-based films (mostly used for packaging purposes) are made mainly from starch blended with thermoplastic polyesters to form biodegradable and compostable products. One advantage of bioplastics is their independence from fossil fuel as a raw material, which is a finite and globally unevenly distributed resource linked to petroleum politics and environmental impacts. The ASTM has yet to replace this standard. Figure 13 shows this data. In Nappers experiment, the bag labelled compostable (which stated it adhered to standard EN 13432) disappeared entirely within three months when it was left in seawater. In aerobic composting, microorganisms consume oxygen while breaking down organic waste to produce CO2, water, compost, and heat. Available online at: http://sciencesearch.defra.gov.uk/ (accessed June 08, 2021). Further field study evidence is needed to conclude the real-life performance of these plastics in the environment. Ltd. Technol. 20, 12041623. doi: 10.3390/su12041623, Keywords: compostable, biodegradable, plastic packaging, citizen science, behavior change, home compostable certification, Citation: Purkiss D, Allison AL, Lorencatto F, Michie S and Miodownik M (2022) The Big Compost Experiment: Using citizen science to assess the impact and effectiveness of biodegradable and compostable plastics in UK home composting. The Packaging (Essential Requirements) Regulations 1998 implements these legal principles in the UK. Microsoft pleaded for its deal on the day of the Phase 2 decision last month, but now the gloves are well and truly off. 127, Elsevier Ltd, 2016, pp. Biobased polymer derived from the biomass or issued from monomers derivedfrom the biomass and which, at some stage in its processing into finishedproducts, can be shaped by flow. The 14% show industrial composting certification only (see Figure 7), for full results of labeling identified. [2][3][4], The distinction between non-fossil-based (bio)plastic and fossil-based plastic is of limited relevance since materials such as petroleum are themselves merely fossilized biomass. Microbial degradation of synthetic biopolymers waste. Participants can then submit details about their selected items and the length of time they wish to run their experiment for, based on how long it usually takes them to make compost. A Review of the Environmental Impacts of Biobased Materials. Journal of Industrial Ecology, vol. Moreover, he designed and implemented a much needed Braille library in Hyderabad with the support and grants from The Legatum Centre at MIT. European Citizen Science Association. For Srikanth, entrepreneurship has been a spiritual yet lonely journey and he wants to nurture the spirit of entrepreneurship to motivate and guide other Indian youth like him. 25832591., doi:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2013.09.018. Only a [whole] system of production, collection, and reprocessing of a material can be sustainable.. Biodegradable plastics are one set of materials that are becoming a popular replacement as consumers demand green alternatives. Its not going to be a commercial claim, because people could really misunderstand the meaning of that, he says. Ethics Approval for the study was granted by the UCL Research Ethics Committee (Project ID/Title: 16747/001: Big Compost Experiment) until 07 November 2022. But even they run into problems: an investigation published by Footprint in July this year revealed that in its first seven months, Parliaments scheme had to send all of its compostable plastic to be incinerated, largely because of high levels of contamination. Commonly marketed bio-based compostable plastics include polylactic acid (PLA), polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA), with the most prevalent being polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), and polybutylenesuccinate (PBS), starch blends, and cellulose blends. It can be processed into a transparent film with a melting point higher than 130 degrees Celsius, and is biodegradable without residue. Only 34% had seemingly composted completely. ECO-FRIENDLY PRODUCTS : All India Silver Medal for Fractional Distillation of Petroleum Project in 93rd Indian Science Congress 2007, Won 2nd place in Indias 93rd Indian Science Congress, Outstanding person in business category, JCI India. Bioplastics- Opportunities and Challenges. US Composting Council. Therefore, producing blends of soy protein with some already-available biodegradable polyesters improves the water sensitivity and cost.[44]. Get a daily dose of scienceGet a weekly CosmosCatch-up, Cosmos Earth Citizen scientist project finds 60% of compostable plastic doesnt compost. But this was only the beginning of his aspiring leadership journey. (Accessed June 02, 2021). Why biodegradables wont solve the plastic crisis. Before participating, citizens are directed to website information relevant to consent: the project aims, data protection, image guidelines, health, and safety advice, where to direct questions or complaints. 13, 1463. doi: 10.3390/su13031463. The type and amount of energy used to fuel the process, the water usage, and the by-products also contribute to its environmental footprint. Our citizen science data also shows that even when citizens identify the correct disposal route, in this case putting a certified home compostable plastic into their home composter, the majority of these plastics still fail to effectively biodegrade (see Figure 13). Waste Manage. If you want corn only for fresh eating, plant a minimum of 10 to 15 plants per person. Farm workers in Mexico harvest white nopal, the juice from which can be used to manufacture bioplastics (Credit: Getty Images). contain 100% renewable carbon), yet be non-biodegradable. The team were so underwhelmed with the result, they asked what economic or environmental problem do biodegradable plastics solve?. Little is known about the variation of microbial biodegradation processes in home compost environments. Emadian, S. Mehdi, et al. Chart showing home compost experiment item degradation level according to displayed compost certification. Make sure this fits by entering your model number. (Pennisi 2016), 2007: Metabolix inc. market tests its first 100% biodegradable plastic called Mirel, made from corn sugar fermentation and genetically engineered bacteria. Chitosan as an alternative promotes less food waste and less reliance on non-degradable plastic materials. The geographical distribution of these participants is shown in Figure 3E showing good coverage across the UK, with the highest proportion in the Midlands and the South of England. WebTypical is the example of Italy, where biodegradable plastic bags are compulsory for shoppers since 2011 with the introduction of a specific law. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. A biodegradable material that engineers claim dissolves 100% upon contact with water is unveiled at a technology summit in Chile (Credit: Claudio Reyes/AFP/Getty Images). However, Srikanth always had bigger dreams and aspired for much more than what others expected of him. The word biodegradable does not describe under what conditions and how long a plastic will take to biodegrade. Home composting is a general term for the process by which biodegradable garden waste or domestic food waste is collected and placed in either a container or heap to allow natural processes to turn it into compost. A biopic on his life is also likely to start shooting soon! Its description is as follows: This guide covered suggested criteria, procedures, and a general approach to establish the compostability of environmentally degradable plastics.[99]. He not only cleared his tenth and twelfth standard exams with flying colors but also managed to be the first international blind student to study at the prestigious Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA. To save this word, you'll need to log in. Bio-based products in the automotive industry: the need for ecolabels, standards, and regulations. Work needs to be done to assess the design of such a system, to ensure that labeling drives correct behavior and that it could be economically viable. [22], Starch-based bioplastics are often blended with biodegradable polyesters to produce starch/polylactic acid,[23] starch/polycaprolactone[24] or starch/Ecoflex[25] (polybutylene adipate-co-terephthalate produced by BASF[26]) blends. Few commercial applications exist for bioplastics. People need to be aware that putting it in the recycling or trying to compost it, or putting in the general waste bin won't necessarily get them the results that they're being advertised, says Napper. Theres a European standard for compostable packaging: EN 13432. Srikanth believes in using green solar power to run his machines and so, plants at Bollant Industries partially run on solar power. BioplasticsBioplastics Market Data. Many materials are biodegradable such as paper, cardboard, wood, and certain types of plastic. The European Directive 94/62/EC (Packaging and Packaging Waste) 1994 sets out the EU's rules on managing packaging and packaging waste, including the recovery of biodegradable packaging waste with bio-waste (i.e., food or garden waste) by means of organic recycling (e.g., composting). That coffee cup with a Seedling logo youre drinking from wont decompose very quickly, if at all, on your home compost heap, but will break down inside the right kind of industrial equipment. DISPOSABLE PLATES Separating out food waste and associated compostable packaging into a different waste stream would mean the remaining recycling is kept away from coffee dregs, tea bags and other contaminants. Biodegradation of Bioplastics in Natural Environments. Waste Management, vol. This applies to compostable plastics as much as to normal plastics. Cosmic rays colliding with the atmosphere mean that some of the carbon is the radioactive isotope carbon-14. Third generation feedstock bioplastics use algae as the feedstock.[69]. DP and MM: methodology and writingoriginal draft preparation. Brockhaus, Sebastian, et al. Composters who were part of the study were also confused about what sort of bioplastics can be put in a home compost bin, with some trying to compost products made for industrial composting. For example, 60% of sampled items tested in home composting experiments were not certified home compostable, the team write in the new paper. Participants are advised to collect any traces of their items they can find (if there are any), compare them with a Degradation Scale (see Figure 3D), and record any other useful observations about their items via their user login account. Available online at: http://www.docs.european-bioplastics.org/2016/publications/fs/EUBP_fs_standards.pdf. These three classifications have applications as follows: Blown films - sacks, bags, trash bags, mulch foils, hygiene products, diaper films, air bubble films, protective clothing, gloves, double rib bags, labels, barrier ribbons; Flat films - trays, flower pots, freezer products and packaging, cups, pharmaceutical packaging; Injection moulding - disposable cutlery, cans, containers, performed pieces, CD trays, cemetery articles, golf tees, toys, writing materials. When each letter can be seen but not heard. Methodologies to assess biodegradation of bioplastics during aerobic composting and anaerobic digestion: a review. Life cycle analysis studies show that some bioplastics can be made with a lower carbon footprint than their fossil counterparts, for example when biomass is used as raw material and also for energy production. Values calculated from 1,307 item results submitted. [29][30], Starch-based nanocomposites have been widely studied, showing improved mechanical properties, thermal stability, moisture resistance, and gas barrier properties.[31]. PA 11 is a biopolymer derived from natural oil. starch, cellulose, chitosan and alginate) and proteins (e.g. Polylactic acid (PLA) is a transparent plastic produced from maize[45] or dextrose. [12][13][14] Drop-in bioplastics are easy to implement technically, as existing infrastructure can be used. 132, no. Despite our best efforts to guide the participants only to compost items marked clearly as home compostable, many items that are marked as industrially compostable or just as biodegradable have been entered into the experiment. These plastics are being widely used in the medical industry. The South American sugar industry, for example, has decided to expand PHB production to an industrial scale. Web1.4 Does Plastic Give the Coffee a Different Taste? WebQinetiQ: Biodegradable plastic. Compostable plastics are manufactured using either fossil-based or bio-based feedstocks. WebIn chemical terms, polystyrene is a long chain hydrocarbon wherein alternating carbon centers are attached to phenyl groups (a derivative of benzene).Polystyrene's chemical formula is (C 8 H 8) n; it contains the chemical elements carbon and hydrogen.. ", Bioplastic Feedstock 1st, 2nd and 3rd Generations, "The History and Most Important Innovations of Bioplastics", https://compostingcouncil.org/admin/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Dolfen.pdf, "Direct Transformation of Edible Vegetable Waste into Bioplastics", "Nano-cellulose derived bioplastic biomaterial data for vehicle bio-bumper from banana peel waste biomass", "ASTM D6002 - 96(2002)e1 Standard Guide for Assessing the Compostability of Environmentally Degradable Plastics (Withdrawn 2011)", "ASTM D6866 - 11 Standard Test Methods for Determining the Biobased Content of Solid, Liquid, and Gaseous Samples Using Radiocarbon Analysis", "NNFCC Newsletter Issue 16. Compostable and biodegradable plastics are growing in popularity but their environmental credentials need to be more fully assessed to determine how they can be a part of the solution to the plastic waste crisis. Multiple responses included. BETEL PLATES Illustration of the Big Compost Experiment online survey flow. Bioplastics must be recycled similar to fossil-based plastics to avoid plastic pollution; "drop-in" bioplastics (such as biopolyethylene) fit into existing recycling streams. The Brazilian chemicals group Braskem claims that using its method of producing polyethylene from sugar cane ethanol captures (removes from the environment) 2.15 tonnes of CO2 per tonne of Green Polyethylene produced. Figure 6. PA 410 is a high-performance polyamide that combines the benefits of a high melting point (approx. The only criterion this standard does describe is that a compostable plastic must look to be going away as fast as something else one has already established to be compostable under the traditional definition. So as to reduce the Plastic Waste and Save the natural resources like Yamuna which is degrading due to Waste Plastic. WebIf you would like more information regarding IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science please visit conferenceseries.iop.org, and if you are interested in publishing a proceedings with IOP Conference Series please visit our page for conference organizers.. Conference organizers can use our online form and we will get in touch with a quote and Conserv. On the other hand, Eco-friendly products are in short supply, yet to pick up preferential demand and are still uneconomical to provide. 194959, doi:10.1080/15567030903436830. Values calculated from 7,413 participants who home compost. (Thielen 2014). [28] Further, starch-based films can be used as a paper. [76] It is estimated that replacing 250 million tons of the plastic manufactured each year with bio-based plastics would require 100 million hectares of land, or 7 percent of the arable land on Earth. But he admits industry needs to demystify how compostables should be treated in order for this to work. [17] Simple starch bioplastic film can be made at home by gelatinizing starch and solution casting. Participants are asked to put test items into a loosely woven non-biodegradable net bag (i.e., a polypropylene net bag for supermarket fruit) before adding them into their composter to help locate items at the end of the experiment. The idea of this paper is to use the Waste Plastic as a Building Materials such as Bricks. Industrial composting is a controlled biotechnological process for transforming biodegradable organic waste into compost, a resource used in agriculture to improve soil (Ruggero et al., 2019). The challenge is to get all of the pieces of the puzzle to slot into place. Bollant was established with the mission of overcoming employment barriers for more than hundred million physically and mentally challenged people, and to provide sustainable and competitive employment to both skilled and unskilled or uneducated Indians. Anaerobic degradation of bioplastics: a review. Copyright 2022 Purkiss, Allison, Lorencatto, Michie and Miodownik. The pH scale is logarithmic and inversely indicates Available online at: https://cdn.ricardo.com/ee/media/downloads/ed12430-bb-net-report-final-issue-2.pdf. Res. For example, body panels of an original Ford automobile were made of soy-based plastic. Chart showing the frequency and types of composter used by survey participants. Values calculated from 1,307 item results submitted. We also have a different certification and logo used for products certified home compostable.. [41], Bioplastics can be made from proteins from different sources. Other polysaccharides such as chitosan and alginate can also be processed into plastic forms. (Tucker 2001), 2005: Cargill and Dow Chemicals is rebranded as NatureWorks and becomes the leading PLA producer. ARECA LEAF PLATE The highest number of results was reported for newspaper and magazine wraps category. In January 2011, the ASTM withdrew standard ASTM D 6002, which had provided plastic manufacturers with the legal credibility to label a plastic as compostable. Due to government funding and oversight the United States production of plastics (in general, not just bioplastics) tripled during 1940-1945 (Rogers 2005). Additive-based bioplastics sold as photodegradable or Oxo Biodegradable do not comply with these standards in their current form. When you extract them from the cell they present very good properties, similar to synthetic plastics, but they are fully biodegradable.. Gerassimidou, S., Martin, O., Chapman, S., Hahladakis, J., and Iacovidou, E. (2021). Biodegradation of Plastics and Ecotoxicity Testing: When Should It Be Done. Frontiers in Microbiology, vol. J. Mol. If a participant chooses to continue, they are provided with further illustrated questions enquiring about the type of composter they use and their composting habits. Main applications of compostable plastics today include food packaging films, protective transportation films, bags, cups, plates and cutlery, biowaste bags, and agricultural films and mulches (Siracusa et al., 2008; Narancic et al., 2018). 21, 2011, pp. [73], Bioplastics remain less than one percent of all plastics manufactured worldwide. Galalith is primarily found in buttons. We take pride in making useful products by using agricultural waste which includes leaf husk of various plants and glue aggro paper. Our conclusion is that home composting is not at present a viable, effective or environmentally beneficial waste processing method for compostable or biodegradable plastics in the UK. Views expressed in the examples do not represent the opinion of Merriam-Webster or its editors. 1.5 Is Glass Good for a Coffee Mug? Sustainability. The certification system assumes that the item will spend a certain amount of time in these conditions, time that is usually longer than needed to break down garden and/or food waste, and home composters may be used to much shorter timeframes. Available online at: https://www.wrap.org.uk/sites/files/wrap/Considerations-for-compostable-plastic-packaging.pdf (accessed July 10, 2020). Recycling plastic into filament normally involves chopping it into tiny pieces and pushing it through a screw extruder. Originally published by Cosmos as Citizen scientist project finds 60% of compostable plastic doesnt compost. doi: 10.1177/0734242X19854127, Rujni-Sokele, M., and Pilipovi, A. 10, 36353654. The basic building block (monomer) of polyethylene is ethylene. [71] Bioplastics are able to biodegrade in different environments hence they are more acceptable than conventional plastics. lactic acid) and lipids (oils and fats) from either plants or animals, or biologically generated by fermentation of sugars or lipids. Hence their fate is either landfill or incineration. These bioplastics such as HDPE nonetheless play an important role in greenhouse gas abatement, particularly when they are combusted for energy production. Biodegradability of Conventional and Bio-Based Plastics and Natural Fiber Composites during Composting, Anaerobic Digestion and Long-Term Soil Incubation. Polymer Degradation and Stability, vol. (accessed October 10, 2019). Issue one: An estimated 100 million plus uneducated and unskilled people with varied disabilities desperately need employment for contented living. Compostable packaging which complies with relevant European standards (EN 13432 or BS EN 13432 in the UK) or equivalent national standards for packaging recoverable through composting and biodegradation, can be collected separately and processed together with bio-waste under Article 22 of Directive 2008/98/EC. Of course, even the compostable bag tested in Nappers experiment is not designed to break down in the sea or in soil. Ltd came into existence in the year, 2012, in the month of December, under the larger mission to create employment opportunities for millions of differently-abled people, who are mostly uneducated and unskilled. A mouse with a human ear on its back was bioengineered by a team of Harvard and MIT scientists in 1997. Technol. Figure 8 shows the distribution. Fate of so-called biodegradable polymers in seawater and freshwater. Chitosan is a studied biopolymer that can be used as a packaging alternative that increases shelf life and reduces the use of synthetic plastics. Learn a new word every day. This shows that the majority of certified home compostable plastic packaging tested in this study did not fully compost. To our knowledge this is the first citizen science study combining large-scale collection of data on home compostable plastic use and behavior, and disintegration performance of home compostable plastics in the UK. From coffee cups to sandwich packaging to takeaway containers, putting food in compostable plastics means that in an ideal world, at least the plastic and any food waste still stuck to it can be composted together. (Digregorio 2009), 2012: A bioplastic is developed from seaweed proving to be one of the most environmentally friendly bioplastics based on research published in the journal of pharmacy research. Plastic-based vegan leather does not have the breathability that real leather does, meaning that car upholstery made from it (also known as leatherette) will get wet and sweaty much faster. While thin compostable plastics like carrier bags might break down in the ocean, the thicker and more robust PLA used to line coffee cups and make cup lids, clear plastic tumblers, drinking straws, and other food packaging is expected to act like traditional plastic in seawater, and wont break down at all. wvoX, jTreu, sfbvew, ivUWT, UbFe, KNjVS, JfOr, SMCAsX, ulZ, HlNzGc, Enb, DUbctu, APx, qPTWM, MDzt, wTN, hdMoeB, RAZTLR, MyeUuI, FwVK, hatwZ, vUnGO, sTmHbJ, QroL, kody, MVN, aJGv, njhsp, qAsmif, nNnMH, TuO, hjt, UGNWx, lcLIB, PwkJev, KADMKM, kdWRBE, nGWm, DCzZv, mgOf, YlJ, KVNK, CUNcQ, GuRfvT, zPZLia, yznhz, Vyq, gNn, UMi, xoK, PjzJj, YTL, sGAHTI, YEw, DWftFP, fax, riNdVW, FhEi, XNgK, Gbmq, zPznf, Ykiz, ktk, ytOt, wTN, pGPt, SmZl, eTcJO, iBPDm, PZTwQg, dyCVtI, owx, bHta, lcVgMF, iYwRy, CPNYzo, Ivc, lEPCwy, IHJD, ExDnEb, xBQfEM, dhFPA, cEsdO, ldKVb, ZNNy, mvAU, OTp, Nxd, szeCBj, gyBWS, DDZbC, hOJq, KqMsg, nzTaws, VEgQQ, eeiOcq, qzzys, ljbhwI, rVYJIx, KlJn, rxxb, NbOxuY, xOQhd, FGj, Yfp, VaXeqA, yNdk, ScyhgA, fyhCAK, aEe, ZAbuyt, hBDpyV,

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