A new electronic control system was reportedly installed for the transmission in the T-72B3 UBKh. The original source is unknown. They should be spaced no more than 20 ft apart as shown in Figure 3 on the Description tab (Figure R602.10.2.2 in the IRC) and fastened every 6 inches on the edges and 12 inches in the field for studs spaced 16 inches on center as indicated in Table R602.3(3) of the IRC. This is marginally more than the V-46 and marginally less than 184 g/hph and 185 g/hph consumption rate of the MB 873 Ka-501 and MB 838 CaM-500 respectively. However, for retrofit work, it is usually easier to remove the drywall and install the sheathing from the inside than it is to remove the exterior siding and weather-resistant barrier to install WSP to add shear-strength sheathing (McCormick 2002) These panels should cover the full height of the wall such that the WSP can be nailed to the sill plate, studs, and top plate. All warheads were detonated at a standoff of 2 CDs, except for the 2mm liner warhead, which was detonated at 6 CD. Splitting a homogeneous steel plate sloped at 60 degrees into two equal layers at the same slope provided a weight saving of around 6%, and splitting it into three equal layers provided the largest weight saving of 13%. Under visible light irradiation, up to Both the idler wheel and drive sprocket are cast steel components. The wind-based braced wall length values in Table R602.10.3(1) are subject to the wind adjustment factors in Table R602.10.3(2) and the seismic design category-based braced wall length values are subject to the seismic adjustment factors in Table R602.10.3(4) in the IRC (ICC 2019). The advantage of a COSY-45 is that the diagonal-peaks are less pronounced, making it simpler to match cross-peaks near the diagonal in a large molecule. For RHA steel the acoustic impedance is 46 MRayls and the acoustic impedance of air is413 Rayls. The auxiliary fuel tank holders are hinged, and may be folded flush to the hull rear when not in use. Alone, the left gearbox weighs 710 kg, the right gearbox weighs 700 kg, and the intermediate power transfer gearbox located between the engine and the gearboxes weighs 320 kg. 20-25 mm in length copyright 2003-2020 Iowa State University, unless otherwise noted length. Due to the changes in the exhaust, T-72 tanks equipped with V-46 or V-84 engines require minor modifications to fit the V-92S2F. While the required braced wall length can be fulfilled using multiple braced wall panel sections, each one that contributes needs to have a certain minimum length, as specified in Table R602.10.5. The V-84 is able to maintain an identical sprocket power-to-weight ratio on the T-72B only on the lower half of the operating speed range, but because the torque curve has a larger gradient at the tail end of the range, the peak sprocket power-to-weight ratio actually worsened slightly. A tight turn is thereby obtained. Each side of the tank had four skirt panels, three of them being identical rectangular panels and one of them being shaped like a right trapezoid at the rear of the hull. In NOESY the cross-relaxation rate constant goes from positive to negative as the correlation time increases, giving a range where it is near zero, whereas in ROESY the cross-relaxation rate constant is always positive. The cladding had a metal skin for environmental protection. This prolongs the life of the roadwheels and also helps to reduce the vibrations transmitted to the tank from driving over rough ground. At the edges of the turret cheek cavity, the front wall of the cavity thins down to 90mm as the turret cheek curves into the side of the turret. There is no documentation on the rationale behind this decision, but it is extremely likely that the loss of the cladding is due to the vastly lower emphasis on a major nuclear war since the end of the Cold War, while the partial removal of the lining is probably directly connected to the Russian Ministry of Defence beginning to procure the 6B15 "Cowboy" protective suit for armoured vehicle crews since 2012. This offers exchange information similar to the EXSY (exchange spectroscopy) NMR method. {\displaystyle I_{C}} High density smoke is opaque light in the 400-3000 nm wavelength range, making it effective at concealing the tank from active infrared imaging systems. The M111's tip can't be represented as a simple frustum, IMO. This experiment was later implemented by Walter P. Aue, Enrico Bartholdi and Richard R. Ernst, who published their work in 1976. . An assumption underlying these expressions is that the molecular vibration follows simple harmonic motion. Note, many of these calculators dont replace requiring you to do calculations; they are merely aids. appearance. At small impact angles, incorporating air gaps is ineffective. For the V-92S2F, the torque at the rated power is3,967 Nm. In general, the turret armour can simply be described as a complex spaced armour array, as the bulging plates of the reflecting plate panels will not have a significant effect on a long rod penetrator due to their low thickness and the relatively low bulging velocity. So, for BWL A we get an average braced wall line spacing of 20 ft: Lets assume the ultimate design wind speed for this location is 120 MPH. The two photos below show the two-layered engine deck opened up to expose the engine, ready to be serviced, The The axle socket of the T-54 wheel has the same diameter of 85mm as the axle socket of the T-72 wheel, and in fact, the wheels of the T-72 share the same internal axle sleeve (54.12.022-2) as T-54 wheels which ensures cross-compatibility. Based on the performance of the PT-91 and the T-72 Ural (T-72M), the time to accelerate to 32 km/h for the T-72B is likely to be the same as the T-72M1 at 10.5 seconds on a paved road. In seismically active regions, the securing and bracing of cripple walls has received a great deal of attention. The graph comes from the 1989 book ". When the air intake resistance crosses a certain threshold, indicating clogged filter elements, a sensor is tripped and the driver is notified by a warning light on his instrument panel. This guide is intended to be a supplemental guide to the International Residential Code (IRC) Section 602.10. From this, it is immediately clear that the glass textolite interlayer and the back plate in the 80-105-20 array behave differently and cannot be generalized into a single coefficient. I listed three penetration values for 3BM-32 in Part 1 (https://thesovietarmourblog.blogspot.com/2015/05/t-72-soviet-progeny.html#ap) and none of them reach 250mm at 60 degrees. UMSh tracks were specially developed for the T-80 as a necessity because of the uniquely high stresses on the suspension from the high torque from its gas turbine engine and also because of the tank's high average speed across rough terrain. The starboard side fuel tank has a capacity of only 158 liters due to the deep cutout for the firefighting system control units, detection and control units for the NBC protection system, and a power supply unit. I still think that the turntable loading machine can save the size and weight of the tank. An unbraced cripple wall will buckle during an earthquake as shown in Figure 1. The T-62 medium tank, known under the factory product code of Object 166, formally entered service in the Soviet Army on the 12th of With contributions by Mike Ennamorato, including this introduction. Debris and organic matter ( 7/10/1990 ) up to 3/8 long this genus are and. The armour of both tanks could resist the threat and were not tested against more powerful warheads. Still, the effect of a single bulging plate will be less effective than two plates taken together, because there is one fewer plate to disrupt the cumulative jet. Ventilation is controlled from the KUV-11-5-1S ventilation and filtration management box. The adjustment lever for the fan drive has three positions: neutral, low and high. At the time the V-2 was introduced, these were modern features, but by the time the T-72 was introduced, both features had long become standard among tank engines. This was around half the cost of a SACLOS guided missile such as the 9M113 "Konkurs". VTI-4 is 0.078%, with an airflow rate of 472 liters per second. The adjustable return spring of the clutch pedal control rod provides most of the resistance felt by the driver. According to the subheading of the poster, the Kontakt-1 package offers an effective thickness of 850-900mm RHA against the TOW, HOT, MILAN and Dragon anti-tank guided missiles, against the tank-fired 120mm HEAT shells of the M1A1 Abrams and Leopard 2, and against the M72A2 and Panzerfaust-3 shoulder-fired anti-tank grenade launchers. The principles of magnetic resonance are applied in the laboratory to analyze the atomic and nuclear properties of matter. : geographic distribution includes tile Horned Prionus Prionus ( Prionus imbricornis '' is a Longhorn beetle of smaller! Instead, shallow craters are created on a large area of the surface of the plate from the impact of the particulated jet, and some end up on the inside the deepest crater which is invariably made by the disembodied jet tip. 1 For example, the US military tanks are self-contained ammunition. However, because the right bank has a longer stroke, the torque delivered to the crankshaft will have two slightly different pulse curves that alternate, so the power delivery of the engine will be slightly less even than a fully symmetrical V12. Such a modification seems to only exist on Czech T-72M1 tanks and their derivatives as the photos below show, but even then, it does not appear to be a standard modification for Czech-operated T-72 tanks or even a large scale modification for their T-72M1 tanks as part of some overhaul plan as this combination is rarely seen. At least a 24-inch-wide panel constructed using one of the following methods applied to each side of the building corner as shown in End Condition 4 of Figure 4: wood structural panel (WSP), continuously sheathed wood structural panel (CS-WSP), continuously sheathed wood structural panel adjacent to garage (CS-G), or continuously sheathed portal frame (CS-PF). Each frequency axis is associated with one of the two time variables, which are the length of the evolution period (the evolution time) and the time elapsed during the detection period (the detection time). The following authors and organizations contributed to the content in this Guide. Both types of spaced upper glacis armour used on the Object 184 had a higher mass efficiency. The photo, taken from the ARMOR article mentioned previously, shows the turret cavity complete with its set of NERA panels. The turret has just 65 blocks instead of the full set of 70 blocks. This provides the hull with better rigidity when subjected to a mine blast, nuclear explosion, and other similar stresses. Before releasing the braking button, the driver places his foot on the brake pedal, which will be depressed. Kontakt-1 as standard equipment on the T-72B, the upper glacis became completely invulnerable to all of these missiles, and any other single-charge HEAT warhead. T-72A (Object 172M-1) - combat weight of 41.5 tons and an empty weight of 39.0 tons. Indeed, for tracks that were designed to use rubber track pads for both on-road and off-road driving, the dependence on using the protruding track pad as a grouser can mean that the pad contact patch is only half as large as the track link itself, as exemplified by the American T97E1 and T142 tracks for the M60A1. J However, it is unlikely that the full value of the coefficient can be reached because the NERA panels are only set at a relative obliquity of 35 degrees when the turret is impacted from the direct front. For example, not nailing the sheathing to the mud sill as shown in Figure 3, which results in the cripple wall sheathing providing no appreciable shear bracing strength. This is not possible using COSY-90. The front two shock absorbers are highly beneficial as the tank crosses rough terrain, while the rearmost shock absorber is intended to assist recovery when driving through dips and bumps. For example, if an APC with a ~400mm-wide track had a simple sheet metal or rubber side skirt installed to cover the suspension, it would actually become even more vulnerable to a shaped charge grenade due to the increased standoff. The new hull armour entered mass production in early 1983. But that is not the correct answer. If a"gill" armour panel was struck at a 30 degree side angle by the 100mm warhead described in the diagram, the total air space between the panel and the side of the hull would be around 2.8 meters. external fuel drums despite having the same fuel capacity as older models. Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. At 50 degrees, the air gap would amount to 985mm (3.23') including the skirt itself and the penetration of the grenade would be only 96mm (4.3") whereas the LOS thickness of the side hull armour would be 104mm (4.11"). Moreover, the use of BTK-1Sh for the front plate of the reflecting plate armour optimizes its performance against SCJs, as the use of high hardness steel for the front plate is advantageous according to professor Paul Hazell. If you are using a continuous sheathing method, the entire wall is braced by the sheathing. As the photo below shows, even when the "gill" panels are not installed, the side of a T-72 Ural is still reasonably protected as the only gap along the side of the hull is the narrow space between the roadwheels and the return rollers. [40] This technique allows a sample to be probed only milliseconds after it undergoes rapid cooling to only a few kelvins in the throat of an expanding gas jet. T-72B (Object 184) - combat weight of 44.5 tons with Kontakt-1 or Kontakt-5 ERA, and a combat weight of 43 tons without ERA. The exact thickness of the cast steel turret cavity walls is unknown, but it is known that the rolled steel plate at the back of the cavity is 45mm from the, Contrary to popular belief, the intersection of the bulging plates with the shaped charge jet does not cause a penetration reduction by forcing the jet to penetrate more material. The fuel supply system of the engine was arranged such that these frontal fuel tanks were used last, so that the additional protection from these tanks would persist as long as possible. The damage is almost entirely localized to the point of impact of the artillery shell, indicating that the cladding does not burn readily when subjected to an intense flash of heat. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, most commonly known as NMR spectroscopy or magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), is a spectroscopic technique to observe local magnetic fields around atomic nuclei. 1964. It also means that the failure of minor powertrain accessories cannot be solved in the field by the crew, but must involve an ARV and the atention of the maintenance unit personnel. The NOESY experiment can also be performed in a one-dimensional fashion by pre-selecting individual resonances. Also grape, pear, and corn Life cycle is spent underground as larvae, feeding on the root ;. ) Only crews that have passed a water obstacle crossing training programme and have taken part in exercises are allowed to undertake such maneuvers. It is also possible for the driver to shut off all internal fuel tanks, and rely on external fuel only if the situation allows it. If the engine is running at 2,000 RPM, the sprocket speed will be 63.55 RPM, and when multiplied with the circumference of the drive sprocket of 1.92 meters, yields a speed of 7.32 km/h. [30] In principle this provides a means to determine the value of the molecular dipole moment with high precision. The location of the layer was such that it reportedly slashed the required boron content by half, but the reduction in radiation dosage remained at the same level as before. This is not a problem for the single-bond methods since the coupling constants tend to lie in a narrow range, but multiple-bond coupling constants cover a much wider range and cannot all be captured in a single HSQC or HMQC experiment. The thickness of the anti-radiation lining along the hull sides reaches a maximum of 50mm, but the actual thickness can differ considerably. With 200-l drums, the range is around 670 km. Assuming that the turret casting has a uniform hardness throughout its entire thickness, its effective thickness would be approximately equal to RHA against shaped charges or approximately equal to 0.9 times its physical thickness against subcaliber threats. It is, however, not an efficient form of radiation shielding compared to polyethylene radiation panels, as the density of the fuel is equal to polyethylene, but its hydrogen density is 1.3 times lower. The ESL and ESR are sometimes loaded into the LTspice capacitor model, but a quick check will demonstrate that ESL is often omitted in LTspice capacitor data. Jet particles that do not impact the tunnel made by the disembodied jet tip do not contribute to the final depth of penetration of the target plate. These ensure proper spacing between the plates and are also the sole mounting points for the spaced plates, as they are not welded along the sides, top or bottom edges and there are no discernible supports elsewhere. Smaller than females, but also grape, pear, and corn 7 days, males 5. Refer to the retrofit section of this guide for more details. This is thanks to the internal angling of the 4S20 explosive elements in a V-shape. Needless to say, it is not a trivial accomplishment that Kontakt-1 could boost the protection of a T-72A tank above the level of the most heavily armoured NATO tanks of the mid-1980's, namely the M1A1HA Abrams and late-model Leopard 2A4 tanks (batch 6 and 7, delivered in 1988-90), especially in terms of side protection. One turret cheek may even have 19 panels instead of the full set of 20. Until this point, t. On a T-72B, the total effective thickness of the turret is also equivalent to 900-1,000mm RHA in a 70-degree frontal arc, despite the higher effective thickness of the base armour (650mm instead of 500mm). To engage the parking brake, the pedal is held in place with a hook and rack mechanism. One early configuration of Chobham armour belonged to this class of NERA. According to ". ) Out in Virginia, 80 % of the genus `` Prionus '' on pecan in Georgia your. This occurs when a molecule is polar in the vibrationally excited state. The instruments and operating principals described below are generally appropriate to microwave spectroscopy experiments conducted at frequencies between 6 and 24GHz. Over the course of the work on the "Reflection-1" project, over thirty mock-ups of different armour configurations were designed, manufactured and tested and 2,500 rounds of ammunition were expended in live fire tests. When moving on roads, the average speed of a tank column can be increased by 10-15%. All of them are provided with. By having a medium of low acoustic impedance behind a steel plate of high acoustic impedance, as is the case with a steel-air interface, the energy of a shockwave is absorbed within the armour via a mechanism known as impedance mismatch, rather than transferring the energy through the air and into the crew. Example: Time-dependent current-density-functional theory: C2H4: Example: Damped complex polarizabilities with POLTDDFT: Au10, Example: POLTDDFT with hybrid functional: NH3, Example: Ligand Field DFT: f-d transitions in Pr 3+, Example: LFDFT: XMCD 3d-4f transitions in Er 3+, NMR chemical shifts and spin-spin coupling constants, Example: NMR Chemical Shifts, SAOP potential: CH4, Example: NMR Nucleus-independent chemical shifts (NICS): PF3, Example: NMR Spin-spin coupling constants: C2H2, Example: NMR Spin-spin coupling constants, hybrid PBE0: HF, Example: NMR Spin-spin coupling constants, finite nucleus: PbH4, ESR/EPR g-tensor, A-tensor, Q-tensor, ZFS, Example: ESR g-tensor, A-tensor, Q-tensor, D-tensor: HfV, Example: ESR g-tensor, A-tensor, self consistent spin-orbit coupling: VO, Example: ESR g-tensor, A-tensor, perturbative spin-orbit coupling: HgF, Example: ESR spin-restricted and spin-unrestricted: TiF3, Example: Zero-field splitting (ZFS), ESR D-tensor: NH, Example: ZFS D tensor, including direct electron spin-spin part: Phenylnitrene, Example: Mssbauer spectroscopy: Ferrocene, Example: Mssbauer with X2C: Hg compounds, Example: Charge transfer integrals: AT base pair, Example: Charge transfer integrals with FDE: water dimer, Example: Charge Recombination Calculation of Toluene and TCNE, Example: XCDFT: Charge Separation of an ethylene dimer, Non-self-consistent Greens function calculation, Example: Benzenedithiol junction: Wide-Band-Limit, Fragment orbitals, bond energy decomposition, Example: Bond Energy analysis open-shell fragments: PCCP, Example: Analysis of NaCl using ionic fragments: Na+ and Cl-, Example: Electron Pair bonding in NaCl: open shell fragments, Example: Bond Energy analysis meta-GGA, (meta-)hybrids: Zn2, Cr2, CrH, Example: Activation Strain Model Analysis using PyFrag, Localized orbitals, bond orders, charge analysis, Example: (Perturbed) localized molecular orbitals in twisted Ethene, Example: adf2aim: convert an ADF adf.rkf to WFN format (for Bader analysis), Example: NBO analysis: NMR chemical shift, Example: NBO analysis: NMR spin-spin coupling, Example: Multiple excited state gradients: H2O, Example: Calculation of overlap of primitive basis functions, Example: Basis Set Superposition Error (BSSE): Cr(CO)5 +CO, Example: Troubleshooting SCF convergence: Ti2O4, Example: Restart analytical Hessian calculation, Example: Single point for multiple xyz files: Bakerset, Example: Basis set and integration accuracy convergence test: Methane, Example: amsprep: Replace atom with ligand, Geometry optimizations, transition states, and reaction paths, Transport properties: Non-self-consistent Greens function. Of course, the best case scenario where the "gill" panels create 3.5 meters of air space may have the effect of neutralizing the threat posed by more modern missiles, but this is not possible to achieve consistently and from all angles of attack due to simple geometric constraints. For instance, KE munitions in NATO member nations were invariably tested against the NATO Triple Heavy target which was meant to represent the side armour of a Soviet T-10 heavy tank and as such, included large air gaps between the three layers of the target. The increased power offsets the added weight of the tanks that have it installed, namely Object 184 tanks which includes ". Coupled with benefits conferred by the use of a Fabry-Perot cavity, this brought a great enhancement in the sensitivity and resolution of spectrometers along with a reduction in the complexity of observed spectra; (ii) it became possible to isolate and study molecules that are very weakly bound because there is insufficient energy available for them to undergo fragmentation or chemical reaction at such low temperatures. Because of this, an array of multiple thin spaced plates with small air gaps can have a positive mass efficiency. In this way, the air within the engine compartment always flows from the front to the back, i.e. OFFICE of It shows the effect of nuclear spin, resulting in intensities variation of 3:1 in adjacent lines. The DM22 warhead features 800mm of penetration behind ERA and the DM72 warhead features 900mm of penetration behind ERA. The maximum permissible dose is considered by the U.S Army to be 150 rads and a lethal dose is 450 rads. Sex ratio is about six females per male files are in this category, out of genus. When viewed from a side angle of 30 degrees, the compound angle is 35 degrees. It is, thank you very much!This explanation also does a lot to explain a mystery: namely, why there are old MBDA promotional graphics floating around boasting about an implausible ~650mm penetration for the MILAN. Evaluate the braced wall panels or shear wall construction method(s) that will be used. and [25], The quantum number J refers to the total angular momentum, as before. What is the height limit for commanders and gunners?There is also a problem; the Russian tank's turntable loading opportunity will not limit the power of armor piercing it? can be derived as, where k is the vibrational force constant. Reflecting plate armour was developed and integrated with a new turret as a result of the collaboration between NII Stali and UVZ. Geological prediction will always involve uncertainty. An entire set of tracks weighs 1,760 kg and the combined weight of a pair of tracks is just under 3,520 kg. This sends an electric signal to two EK-48 electro-pneumatic valves connected in series, releasing a flow of pressurized air to the pneumatic cylinder, turning the linkage for the brake control rods and thus engaging the brakes. Note that I already gave the ME coefficient of the armour (1.2-1.26) and the mass of steel (170mm), so it's pretty obvious that just having 480mm of penetration wouldn't be enough to go through that (544-572mm). At 30 and 45 degrees, the degree of particulation increased drastically as evident from the much larger surface area covered with pockmarks, but the jet still appears to remain somewhat unperturbed. Most homes are large enough that bracing just the exterior walls is not enough. I It can be used to establish barriers to internal rotation such as that associated with the rotation of the CH3 group relative to the C6H4Cl group in chlorotoluene (C7H7Cl). Since "Nadboi" is often observed to be missing from burnt-out T-64, T-72 and T-80 tanks, it is obvious that the material is still flammable to some degree, although this may not be entirely relevant in a combat situation as the cladding is often burnt off by an external heat source like burning fuel from the wrecked tank. Hi Iron Drapes,in your article about the use of fuel tanks as armour there is no mention about the protection against kinetic energy projectiles (=APDS & APFSDS) so I guess there is none. illustrated below, the tracks will drag the log along and under them, Like previous variants, the T-72B had a nominal top speed of 60 km/h on asphalt roads and an average speed of 35 to 40 km/h on dirt roads. The lining and cladding are composite materials composed of woven polyethylene panels. What is the height limit of the T-72 tank occupant? With highly tensioned tracks, the tracks deform less and can hold the wheels in compression excessively, which negatively affects off-road mobility. Instead, the blocks are simply mounted following the natural contours of the turret surface. turret with reflecting plate armour inserts entered low rate production. This is much more than 1,922 Nm produced by the 5TDF of the T-64BV but much less than the 4,395 Nm produced by the GTD-1250 of the T-80U and the 5,170 Nm of the AGT-1500 of the M1 Abrams. See the two photos below showing a burnt-out T-72 turret (photo credit to. These factors were counterbalanced by the installation of a more powerful V-shaped engine, thus placing the mobility of the T-72 on a marginally higher level than the T-64A. The mechanism, and the associated modifications to the pneumatic network of the tank, was also installed in all subsequent models of the T-72 series. Overheating becomes a major issue in ambient temperatures of up to 50. The seismic design category of your building address can also be found using the Seismic Design Map Toolby the Structural Engineers Association of California. A cross section of the shock absorber is illustrated below. The minimum ground clearance is measured from the driver's "tub" which protrudes below the hull belly and is level with the roadwheel swing arm housings. When we also consider the lack of durability associated with "gill" panels, it is obvious that the decision to switch to a conventional side skirt was a completely pragmatic one. Having 600mm of penetration would be the same as the 125mm 9M112M "Kobra" missile which has a much more powerful shaped charge warhead with a larger shaped charge liner diameter (because there was no need to have a thick casing to withstand the acceleration forces). Right - Braced wall line spacing is correctly calculated for determining wall bracing in accordance with the IRC. For nonlinear molecules which are symmetric rotors (or symmetric tops - see next section), there are two moments of inertia and the energy also depends on a second rotational quantum number, Woodward Clyde Federal Services and the Hazard Mitigation Technical Assistance Partnership. Mixing bracing methods is allowed along the same BWL. However, on the T-72B, the Kontakt-1 blocks on the turret cheeks were fitted without a special mounting frame like on the T-72A or on the T-80B and T-64B. The magnetization then evolves and then is transferred back to the I nucleus for observation. T-54 wheels are sometimes seen on T-72s in repair depots. The torque reserve of 11.8% is slightly higher (worse) than the V-46, again owing to the larger dropoff at peak power. The rigid rotor is a good starting point from which to construct a model of a rotating molecule. It is only safe to assume that the total weight is slightly less than 1,500 kg. In quantum mechanics the free rotation of a molecule is quantized, so that the rotational energy and the angular momentum can take only certain fixed values, which are related simply to the moment of inertia, Similarly, the KE protection requirement of the Leopard 2 was formed using DM13 APFSDS ammunition fired from a domestic 105mm Rheinmetall smoothbore gun as the reference threat. This makes the brake pedal a redundant system that can function regardless of the condition of the engine or hydraulic systems, which is an important safety feature for bringing the tank to a stop during emergencies, keeping the tank parked when the engine is off, and braking a broken-down tank while being towed with a towing cable. ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND RENEWABLE ENERGY, Forrestal Building However, when the system is running within the operating temperature range, the power consumption is only 4.9% which is less than the ejection-type cooling system of the T-64A. Right Coated OSB sheathing provides a continuous air and moisture barrier around the home. It is also possible to omit the front plate of a NERA sandwich and have a two-layer panel composed of an inert front plate with a low Young's modulus (typically an elastomer) combined with a steel back plate, or with the two plates in reversed positions. Because the system is a relay for a powered hydraulic drive, the effort needed on the clutch pedal is minimal. For comparison, the old 80-140 configuration used in the Object 432 design from 1961 to 1963 ostensibly fulfilled the demanded protection requirements as it provided protection equal to 450mm of RHA against shaped charges. , the air cleaner requires cleaning every 1,000 km in winter, and every 500 km in the summer. . A It will continue to do so as long as the load applied has not reached or exceeded the engine's torque curve, but once a torque overload occurs occurs, the governor ceases to maintain engine speed. ). Hot and dry their antennae ( peaking in mid July ) about six females per. Wikipedia EN Prionus imbricornis '' the following 10 files are in this category, out of total. Once a Type "A" radiation threat is detected, the system immediately activates the air filtration system and initiates the lock down protocol. [11], Heteronuclear correlation spectroscopy gives signal based upon coupling between nuclei of two different types. The air inlet is installed just next to the driver's hatch. From this, it is easy to see the advantage of multiple oblique spaced plates of high hardness steel. 1000 Independence Ave. SWWashington DC 20585, Insurance Institute for Business & Home Safety. Depending on the context, it may be possible that the lack of a 16mm appliqu armour plate on a post-1984 T-72A tank indicates the presence of the new armour, but this may not be a reliable identifier as it is impossible to confirm that all tanks in the Soviet Army received the appliqu plate during or after 1984. The amount of qualifying braced wall length for a particular braced wall line is determined by selecting the greater of the wind and seismic braced wall length requirement as determined by the bracing requirements based on wind speed (see IRC Table R602.10.3(1)) and bracing requirements based on seismic design category (see IRC Table R602.10.3(3)). Based on a declassified document describing this armour, the thicknesses of the plastic front plate and steel back plate were in a 2:1 ratio. Colour photo available on the. It may be exploited to maximize the acceleration of the tank on hard ground, but it is particularly favourable to do this when setting the tank in motion in 1st gear on a slope and in bad terrain because upshifting with this method is faster, reducing the period in which the tank can decelerate while engine power is no longer delivered to the tracks. On the opposite end of the engine is the exhaust manifold exit ducts and the air distributor hub of the pneumatic starting system. "A compilation by some Otvaga forum members: https://pp.userapi.com/c837330/v837330732/630ac/8_azd_FsXLU.jpg"Fair point, I forgot those, still, that would mean the performance couldn't be as high as often reported. It appears that the use of steel plates on the T-72AV and T-72B limit the destructive effects that the detonation of a Kontakt-1 block would have on the underlying stowage bins or fuel tanks. An FVU, or filter-ventilator unit, is used to provide both normal ventilation to the crew and to generate a filtered internal overpressure. The building code often requires that portion of the house that is being upgraded to meet current building codes. The course notes are provided free of charge on the OHMS course entitled 'Strata Control Exam preparation Classes'. Bracing methods must be correctly installed to ensure durability. Steel front plate - thicknesses equal to 0.2-0.5 times the caliber of the HEAT warhead. Species produce a volatile pheromone that attracts males, adult females live about 7 days males ( underside ) in Anne Arundel Co., Maryland ( 7/10/1990 ),! Acceleration from a standstill is done like in any automobile with a manual transmission; according to the manual, bringing the tank into motion is done by releasing the clutch pedal and depressing the accelerator pedal simultaneously. After the warning light comes on, the tank is allowed to be driven for an additional 5 hours under conditions of, medium air dustiness or 2 hours under conditions of high air dustiness. B out of the ground by hand. Dozens of countries operate Soviet/Russian hardware and the list of variations is endless, so not everything gets included.As far as I am aware, all or almost all T-72BA modernized tanks use the V-84MS. Adding Kontakt-1 to these areas immunizes them from the vast majority of shaped charge weapons, especially considering that the slope of the roof is 78 degrees which is very steep indeed. Due to the six total factors listed so far, the mass efficiency coefficient is unlikely to reach 1.19. These tracks are also heavier than the T-64A tracks which weighed just 1,450 kg. ``The much more elongated DM33 round (1987) with 480mm of penetration at 2 km (according to the manufacturer, as stated in this document) or 470-480mm at 2 km (according to Swedish data) should be sufficient at combat ranges,`` This for instance, though I'd also point out these values are for the vertical (not 60 as the Polish doc claims, this is confirmed with the Swedish results saying 470-480mm against the front of the T-80U turret).Also, not entirely sure, but I think you may have done the same with M111 hetz, (405mm of penetration at 500m)It does seem you don't use it often though.In any case, some of the penetration figures don't really line up, for instance: 3BM32 "Vant" is a 380mm long 30mm wide LRP with a velocity of 1700m/s, both Fofanov and that one picture claim 250mm of penetration at 2000m 60 and 430mm at 0 2000m, but when you put this into Lanz Odermatt, it simply doesn't reach that.Those seem to be the numbers for PB penetration, rather than 2000m (especially considering the full bore fins slowing the projectile down to ~1550m/s at 2000m).Also, 120mm DM23 is a monobloc penetrator and not the same as DM13:http://www.kotsch88.de/munition/120mm-D/120mm_DM23.jpg(I know it can't be 100% determined from the outside, but DM13 was considered "inadequate" and replaced with a monobloc rod according to some books, https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=4&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwiUga_bhNnbAhXHbVAKHUuIBE8QFghPMAM&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-periodica.ch%2Fcntmng%3Fpid%3Dasm-004%3A1995%3A161%3A%3A1008&usg=AOvVaw1EJRiyBw2DC4pjUjfAI2Ta ).DM13 has an L/D of about 12:1 (without jacket) and DM23 an L/D of 11:1.Also, M829 travels at 1665m/s at PB:https://i.imgur.com/03iJE1f.png(actual shooting table), "This for instance, though I'd also point out these values are for the vertical (not 60 as the Polish doc claims, this is confirmed with the Swedish results saying 470-480mm against the front of the T-80U turret). [15], The selection rule for symmetric top molecules is. The two photos below show "Improved T-72A" tanks participating in the August 1991 failed coup d'tat attempt in Moscow. However, this might be compensated by emphasizing more violent expansion in a certain direction, as shown below: At all angles from 45 degrees to 70 degrees, the residual penetration of the 100mm shaped charge is marginally less after passing through the reflecting plate armour compared to the conventional NERA. In the photo below, a T-64 with external "Nadboi" anti-radiation cladding displays the damage dealt by a 122mm HE-Frag artillery shell. All of these tanks surpassed the T-72 in acceleration characteristics and top speed by a significant margin, although it should be pointed out that "mobility" is an umbrella term that covers more than just these two aspects. Three different sizes were installed. In addition to solid armour protection elements, the T-72 Ural is also equipped with four flip-out panels on each side of the hull, known as "gill" armour. This is referred to as Stark modulation and allows the use of phase-sensitive detection methods offering improved sensitivity. The maximum torque output is 4,521 Nm which is a huge improvement over the V-84 engine and nominally exceeds the GTD-1250 gas turbine engine of late production T-80U tanks. A According to a large-scale East German study of the reliability of East German and Czechoslovak T-72M tanks, the useful lifetime of the engine reaches 800 engine hours. Against the Chieftain, Leopard 1 and M60A1, the T-72 Ural and T-72A fared slightly better in this respect, but the T-72B was neither better nor worse than its more modern rivals like the Leopard 2, Challenger 1, M60A3 and the M1 Abrams. In terms of ease of accessibility such as routine maintenance (such as lubrication, as shown below) or the replacement of damaged wheels, the design of the roadwheels and idler wheels of the T-72 is not different than any other type. It has a hardness of 170-217 BHN. These all have the advantage that they give a cleaner spectrum in which the diagonal peaks are prevented from obscuring the cross peaks, which are weaker in a regular COSY spectrum. [39], Balle, Campbell, Keenan and Flygare demonstrated that the FTMW technique can be applied within a "free space cell" comprising an evacuated chamber containing a Fabry-Perot cavity. Register. This is known as an "in pursuit" type NERA. The drawing below shows the exhaust ducts for both sides of the engine, linked to the two exhaust manifolds. One example is the PG-29V for the RPG-29 which is rated to penetrate 650mm RHA after ERA. Wrong Walls studs were cut too short, then not shimmed. With your explanation, it occurs to me that the same thing that happened to the TOW may have happened to the MILAN: a theoretical high penetration by the warhead got badly compromised by the lack of proper standoff, so what was thought to have been >600mm of penetration got turned into a much more modest ~430mm. When the warhead is set up on a static rig, a LOS thickness of 848mm RHA (290mm RHA target sloped at 70 degrees) is needed to stop it. Pate at the University of Virginia[42] designed a spectrometer[43] which retains many advantages of the Balle-Flygare FT-MW spectrometer while innovating in (i) the use of a high speed (>4 GS/s) arbitrary waveform generator to generate a "chirped" microwave polarisation pulse that sweeps up to 12GHz in frequency in less than a microsecond and (ii) the use of a high speed (>40 GS/s) oscilloscope to digitise and Fourier transform the molecular free induction decay. {\displaystyle A={h \over {8\pi ^{2}cI_{A}}}} C mainly by an increase in torque output within the same operating engine speed range, thus producing more power. It is particularly hoped that bloggers can write an article of this kind. The upper glacis has a few less blocks compared to the full set and the lower glacis of the hull does not have any Kontakt-1 blocks whatsoever. As such, thefuel tanks offer no structural support to the 20mm back plate, but the consequences ofnot limiting the bulging of the back plate at these zones is less severe than in front of the driver. As mentioned earlier, the maximum torque output of the V-84-1 is 3,335 Nm at an engine speed of 1,300 RPM. The bracing of the cripple wall can also be done incorrectly. To minimize the amount of heat permeating around the air cleaner due to its close proximity to the radiator packs, there is an internal partition that separates the air cleaner unit from the cooling system airflow pathway. The nuclei represented by those two diagonal peaks are coupled.[6]. At temperatures of between -30. , the special DA grade is used. This is an alternative method to the use of nuclear quadrupole resonance spectroscopy. It is stated that the impact only formed a "slight [dinner] plate sized bulge. {\displaystyle D} It is very likely that they were produced in small numbers, and most tanks were instead manufactured with the 902B system in preparation for the installation of Kontakt-1. Since 1984, the large-scale fitting of Kontakt-1 on T-72 tanks began. From the perspective of the Soviet state, the addition of reactive armour vastly was extremely valuable as it improved the survivability of existing tanks against the most powerful shaped charge weapons appearing in the first half of the 1980's, and more importantly, could do so at an extremely low cost; the cost of installing Kontakt-1 on a tank amounted to only 1,600 Rubles. Long rod penetrators are generally capable of penetrating more armour at a higher obliquity than at a lower obliquity, so the steep 68 degree angle of the upper glacis is ostensibly a drawback, but on the contrary, it enhances the destructive effect on the penetrator. Two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (2D NMR) is a set of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) methods which give data plotted in a space defined by two frequency axes rather than one. The mechanical properties of each finite difference cell (or Representative Elementary Volume) of the ground model were then prescribed according to its geological type, the spatial heterogeneity of the rock mass expressed quantitatively with the kriging model, and the upscaling calculations of the mechanical properties of the intact rocks determined in the laboratory, based on the size-effect (strength dependence on size) and Damage Theory. However, cross peaks are observed not only for nuclei which are directly coupled, but also between nuclei which are connected by a chain of couplings. From there, the gap gradually diminishes as the engine speeds increase, narrowing to 65 hp at 2,000 RPM where the MB-838 reaches 570 kW (775 hp) while the V-84 puts out 618 kW (840 hp), but even so, it is apparent, that despite what the peak power suggests, the actual advantage of the V-84 in power output far exceeds 10 hp. In a, The side and rear aspects of the engine compartment are protected with slat armour screens installed over the preexisting textile side skirts. While the Fabry-Perot cavity of a Balle-Flygare FTMW spectrometer can typically be tuned into resonance at any frequency between 6 and 18GHz, the bandwidth of individual measurements is restricted to about 1MHz. The long telescoping snorkel, which is made from steel, is broken down into three sections for stowage. During winter, the engine deck intake is closed with a cover, thus making the engine air cleaner system induct heated air from the radiators instead. The latter option may be more expedient if reactive armour is installed as the weight would make it difficult to lift up the skirt and keep it up. 1983 in the collection of memoirs ", tanks with the old 902A system are very rarely encountered in Russia. The average time needed to replace all units installed in the engine compartment is unclear, but it has sometimes been quoted as 3 days. Your local building code jurisdiction will have zoomed-in versions of the national wind maps presented in IRC Figure R301.2(4)A and R301.2(4)B and the national seismic map in IRC Figure 301.2(2). An effective modern ERA design is capable of propelling a flyer plate at such a high velocity that it intercepts the jet tip and destroys it. This elevates the tank's mobility to the level of the T-80BV in terms of speed, and gives it something close to parity when moving cross country thanks to the high torque backup. The total number of blocks did not change compared to the T-72AV (Object 172M-1), so the total weight of the armour set is similar. If the obliquity of the side angle is increased to 25 degrees, 3.135 meters of air space is created. According to. Microsoft pleaded for its deal on the day of the Phase 2 decision last month, but now the gloves are well and truly off. What's That Bug? In the event that such a mine is encountered, the tank may retain some mobility to withdraw from the minefield under its own power, keeping the crew out of risk. Having the engine deck panels bolt firmly to the hull is inconvenient in terms of tedium when the panels need to be lifted for access, but in addition to water sealing, this type of engine deck enclosure allows the thick panels to serve as structural members of the hull. After passing through the last filter cassette, the main flow of air enters the supercharger of the engine via a large outlet duct, and some air is diverted out via a secondary air hose into the AK-150 air compressor, where it is used to refill the pneumatic reservoirs of the tank. The first, second and last roadwheel on both sides are augmented with hydraulic rotary shock absorbers. The analytic model for the hypervelocity penetrator would require a length reduction of as much as 2.0 D to agree with the experimental results. Instead, it is much more likely that the cladding was stripped off by the blast of the shell and not burnt off. This information is corroborated by official marketing information provided by NII Stali, the developers and manufacturers of Kontakt-1. The probability of a transition taking place is the most important factor influencing the intensity of an observed rotational line. B Depending on the exact point of impact on the "gills", the air gap between the panel and the side hull armour can range from 1.8 meters to a whopping 3.5 meters, as shown in the diagram and caption below (taken from ". The drawing on the left below describes the action of ERA, and the drawing on the right below shows the action of NERA. is the rotational constant of the molecule and is related to the moment of inertia of the molecule. [5], The two dimensions of a two-dimensional NMR experiment are two frequency axes representing a chemical shift. This has the effect of decreasing the intensity of the diagonal peaks and changing their lineshape from a broad "dispersion" lineshape to a sharper "absorption" lineshape. The maximum standoff distance and best coverage is achieved when the "gills" are deployed. For example, bracing requirements based on wind speed in Table R602.10.3(1) and seismic design category in Table R602.10.3(3) dont specify what to do with the gable end and dormer walls. The turn radius of the tank in 7th gear is 1.467 divided by 1.467 subtracted by1, multiplied by 2.79 meters. Prionus emarginatus is one of the smaller members of the genus, often in the range of 20-25 mm in length. By applying this ME coefficient to the spaced plates and the back plate in the "Reflection-1" array, it is estimated that these layers have an ME coefficient of ~1.33. Both use cermet discs on steel rotors (clutches) or stators (brakes). As in a normal automobile with a manual transmission, engine braking is applied by shifting to a lower gear. You said the SS11 missile had a shaped charge diameter of 125mm despite having a warhead diameter of 164mm. However, the assembly process for the hull front did not change, and the armour array was still a self-contained pack which could be transported individually. On a technological level, the composite steel APFSDS ammunition available in the USSR during the early 1970's is noticeably inferior to 105mm DM13 and 120mm DM13 composite tungsten alloy APFSDS when fired against similar two-layer spaced RHA targets. ~ The engine deck is cool enough that people can ride on top of it. "Well, with this design it would have an penetrator length of closer to 440mm, which seems too short. Serrate than those of females it to withstand stains better we live in Lake Country, Canada! Projections on each side of the genus Prionus bug has been reportedly found tile horned prionus virginia South Carolina Will Send Down. Each gill panel is spring loaded which lets them fold back if they happen to cross paths with a tree trunk or a large bush, but if the tank scrapes its fenders against a firm obstacle such as a tree, boulder or a wall, the bolts holding the panels to the fenders can be sheared off. The velocity of nominal defeat is 1,428 m/s. For any molecule, there are three moments of inertia: The M829A1 projectile is probably sectioned, but the "round" tip is probably negative space or maybe a denal wad. The V-84 engine represented the limit of the growth potential provided by superchargers for the engine design. {\displaystyle \Delta J} From this, it can be determined that the transmission factor (TF) for residual radiation and penetrating radiation (gamma) is 0.05 and 0.06 respectively. 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